{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:54:10Z","timestamp":1783054450602,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    is recognized as one of the foodborne bacterial infections. The bacterium spreads through contact with animals and ingestion of contaminated foods. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    from bulk milk at dairy farm level in Mekelle and Southeast Zones of Tigrai, Ethiopia. A cross\u2010sectional study was carried out from January to June 2025. After taking the consent, sociodemographic, risk factors, and 203 bulk milk samples were collected from the dairy farms.\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated and identified through pre\u2010enrichment, selective enrichment, selective media, and a series of biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method. Stata v\u201016 was employed to determine the strength of the factors that associates with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was six (2.96%).\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity showed statistically significant association with farms that don't practice regular udder washing before milking, lack of knowledge about bacterial infections, and do not know that consumption of raw milk cause foodborne illness. Five (83.3%) isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, and four (66.7%) to streptomycin. All\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Three isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed multidrug resistance. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was low, but its presence in milk may be considered a potential risk to milk safety. Three\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates showed resistance to four and six antimicrobial classes. The finding highlights the need for appropriate hygiene practices and the correct use of antibiotics in the farms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T11:44:51Z","timestamp":1764503091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    From Bulk Milk at the Dairy Farm Level in Mekelle and Southeast Zones of Tigrai, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsebaha Gebrekidan","family":"Kahsay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences Mekelle University Mekelle Tigrai Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences Mekelle University Mekelle Tigrai Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsehaye","family":"Asmelash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences Mekelle University Mekelle Tigrai Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enquebaher","family":"Kassaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences Mekelle University Mekelle Tigrai Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.wjms.2014.11.3.8537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S364578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-41019-40163-41047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6837797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S375043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03689-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-40023-00101-40553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09016-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-4028x-68.4.696"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.8.1729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.4.855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"CDC.:Food Borne Illness. In. vol.10 2018:1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute.:Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.30th ed.CLSI supplement M100.Wayne PA USA 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12665-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Dairy Farmers' Knowledge About Milk\u2010Borne Zoonosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Diniso Y. S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Food Safety"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency.: Agricultural Sample Survey 2020\/21 Volume II Report on: Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. vol. II. Addis Ababa;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-00519"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-12022-02504-12862"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04128-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00617-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02910-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"ISO.: Microbiology of the Food Chain \u2014 Horizontal Method for the Detection Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella. International Standard ISO 6579\u20101. In:Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp. CH\u20101214 Vernier Geneva Switzerland;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12092-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-4028X.JFP-4312-4263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i2.2339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2018.1555444"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1593266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.ejbs.2014.5826.5804.8622"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-40016-40027-40555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5568286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_827_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-42025-00134-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9427-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"WHO. 2018.Salmonella (Non\u2010typhoidal).www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets.2018. Accessed date September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"WHO.2022a.Food Safety Accessed date September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"WHO.2022b. World Health Organization Global Strategy for Food Safety 2022\u20132030: Towards Stronger Food Safety Systems and Global Cooperation. Geneva: World Health Organization; Licence: CC BY\u2010NC\u2010SA 3.0 IGO. 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","volume-title":"Isolation of Salmonella spp from Food and Animal Faeces","author":"WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-12025-04901-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/7778947"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70190","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70190","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T09:00:08Z","timestamp":1769590808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70190","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70190"}}