{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:38:57Z","timestamp":1790192337806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a nosocomial and opportunistic microorganism with increasing antibiotic resistance rates. This study aimed to assess its biofilm production capacity, antibiotic resistance distribution, and the prevalence of biofilm\u2010 and resistance\u2010related genes in clinical isolates. In this multiinstitutional study, 230 isolates were collected from hospitals across Iran between 2022 and 2024. Resistance trends were evaluated using disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    test methods, per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Crystal violet staining assessed biofilm production, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing identified biofilm\u2010 and resistance\u2010related genes. Real\u2010time PCR was used to evaluate the relative expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>smeD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>smeE<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>smeT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, calibrated against TMP\/SMX\u2010sensitive control strains. Susceptibility rates to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX), levofloxacin, and minocycline were 97.39%, 93.47%, and 93.04%, respectively. TMP\/SMX\u2010resistant strains showed 19.8\u2010 and 16\u2010fold higher expression of\n                    <jats:italic>smeD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>smeE<\/jats:italic>\n                    , compared with sensitive isolates. The\n                    <jats:italic>spgM<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was detected in all isolates, and 93.04% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009214) were biofilm producers, with most showing moderate\u2010biofilm formation (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200989, 38.70%). Additionally, the\n                    <jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was closely associated with strong\u2010biofilm formation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). The\n                    <jats:italic>L2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>L1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>smqnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance genes were identified in 214 (93.04%), 181 (78.69%), 135 (58.7%), 136 (59.1%), and 127 (55.2%) isolates, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that most isolates remain sensitive to TMP\/SMX, while resistance to alternative antibiotics is rising. Moreover, biofilm production appears significantly associated with the\n                    <jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T04:55:20Z","timestamp":1769489720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Genes, and\n                    <i>smeDEF<\/i>\n                    Efflux Pump in Clinical\n                    <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/i>\n                    Isolates From Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haneen Fadhil","family":"Jasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques University of Al\u2010maarif Anbar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen Salah","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Anbar Ramadi Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9154-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Education University of Fallujah Fallujah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania Hameed","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques University of Al\u2010maarif Anbar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeganeh","family":"Behrouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, ET.C. Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8061-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erta","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razieh","family":"Shahbazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-482"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65509-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.11.3079-3086.2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Antimicrobial Treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Invasive Infections: Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"An\u0111elkovi\u0107 M. 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