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This bacterium is an obligate human pathogen that can survive intracellularly through the expression of specific pathogenicity determinants. Protein post\u2010translational modifications have been shown to be involved in the regulation of gene transcription and metabolism. Here, we studied the role of non\u2010enzymatic acetylation by acetyl\u2010phosphate in\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This was achieved through the deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>pta<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ackA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes from the phosphotransacetylase\u2010acetate kinase pathway (PTA\u2010AKA) that modulate the level of acetyl\u2010phosphate in the cell. As predicted, more protein acetylation was observed in the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>ackA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain. Using immunoaffinity purification of acetylated peptides and LC\u2010MS\/MS we demonstrated that 88% of the detectable\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    proteome (1343 proteins) is acetylated. With many of the acetylated proteins involved in central metabolism especially in pyruvate utilisation. Growth studies showed that the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>ackA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain was unable to utilise pyruvate as a carbon source, whereas it could grow on glucose as well as the wild\u2010type. Furthermore, a deacetylase enzyme was identified and its gene mutated (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>hdac<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), this allowed the identification of a number of putative targets for HDAC, including phosphotransacetylase. We found that gonococcal pathogenicity was changed by acetyl\u2010phosphate concentration, with the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>ackA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain killing the wax moth larvae faster than the wild\u2010type, whereas the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>pta<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain was non\u2010pathogenic in this model. The data obtained suggest that non\u2010enzymatic protein acetylation in\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    plays an important role in the central metabolism, carbon source utilisation, and virulence of this bacterium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T10:18:30Z","timestamp":1772965110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acetyl\u2010Phosphate Dependent Protein Acetylation in\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ernesto F. D.","family":"Parga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige A.","family":"Wolverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark O.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joby","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke R.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection University of Sheffield Sheffield South Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b01013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1950269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc04a02s23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5762-5766.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01530-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Felix Diaz Parga E.2021. The Role of Acetyl\u2010Phosphate in the Pathogenesis of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae MS11. PhD Thesis oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:29006."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419886775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1373063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2022.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01482-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00823-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2498-2502.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00564-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-020-0483-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-6-1473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00081-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.10.2798.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1700308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m80-003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.103543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections and Screening for Chlamydia in England","volume":"12","author":"Public Health England","year":"2018","journal-title":"HPR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00330-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00768-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.136.5.1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.5.1344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency.2023. \u201cGRASP Report: Data to June 2023 [Internet].\u201dhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/gonococcal-resistance-to-antimicrobials-surveillance-programme-grasp-report\/grasp-report-data-to-june-2023#main-findings."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201700343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0552-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","first-page":"1529","article-title":"The Diversity of Lysine\u2010Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia coli","volume":"18","author":"Yu B. 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