{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:18:53Z","timestamp":1777036733047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spreads through both contact and airborne routes, the latter encompassing airborne transmission\/inhalation as well as the direct deposition of infectious respiratory particles. During the early phase of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, numerous cluster events were suspected to involve long\u2010distance airborne transmission\/inhalation. We conducted a comparative analysis of these cluster events to characterize outbreak settings and associated clinical parameters. Thirteen cluster events from 2020 attributed to the original SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 strain were examined, including choral activities, indoor sports, and bus tours. Incubation periods and infection\u2013hospitalization rates (IHRs) were compared across settings and against estimates from large\u2010scale cohort studies that predominantly reflect transmission via direct deposition. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    test, Student's\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test, and Fisher's exact test (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The mean incubation period in suspected long\u2010distance airborne transmission\/inhalation cases was 6.1 \u00b1 3.9 days (median: 5 days;\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 176), with indoor sports and choral events showing significantly shorter incubation periods (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034). The average IHR was 6.7 \u00b1 12.5%, with significantly higher rates in choral clusters (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013). Age\u2010adjusted IHRs were lower in long\u2010distance airborne transmission\/inhalation\u2010related clusters than those reported from contact\u2010tracing datasets. This analysis provides an integrated evaluation of long\u2010distance airborne transmission\/inhalation settings and their associated clinical characteristics. Activities involving vigorous respiration may contribute to shorter incubation periods and higher disease severity, potentially reflecting increased viral inoculum at exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:45:16Z","timestamp":1775195116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meta\u2010Analysis of COVID\u201019 Cluster Events Suggestive of Long\u2010Distance Airborne Transmission\/Inhalation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Yagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoma","family":"Tasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1204-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Komano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Osaka 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