{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:19:57Z","timestamp":1777036797841,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The emergence of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic agents from natural sources. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of\n                    <jats:italic>Clausena anisata<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit ethanol extract (CAFE) and its isolated compounds against 11 bacterial and three fungal strains. The dried fruits were extracted with ethanol using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was partitioned and subjected to chromatography to isolate two compounds, which were characterized as stigmasteryl 3\u2010palmitate (C\u201001) and phellopterin (C\u201002) using NMR spectroscopy and LC\u2010MS analysis. CAF\u00c9 demonstrated notable inhibition zones in agar well diffusion assays, with the strongest activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14.67\u2009\u00b1\u20092.08\u2009mm) and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58\u2009mm). Microbroth dilution assays revealed MIC values ranging from 0.0781 to 1.2500\u2009mg\/mL for CAF\u00c9 and 0.0781 to 1.2500\u2009mg\/mL for stigmasteryl 3\u2010palmitate and phellopterin, respectively. CAFE demonstrated bactericidal activity (MLC\/MIC\u2009\u2264\u20094) against\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while showing bacteriostatic activity (MLC\/MIC\u2009&gt;\u20094) against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Stigmasteryl 3\u2010palmitate exhibited bactericidal activity against\n                    <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>S. sanguis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with bacteriostatic effects against the other organisms. Phellopterin demonstrated primarily bacteriostatic activity except against\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Both compounds showed potent fungicidal activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>C. anisata<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit and its constituents against typhoid fever, hospital\u2010acquired pneumonia, and invasive candidiasis. This is the first report on the antibacterial and antifungal activities of\n                    <jats:italic>C. anisata<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit, stigmasteryl 3\u2010palmitate, and phellopterin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:08:53Z","timestamp":1773004133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bactericidal, Bacteriostatic, and Fungicidal Activities of\n                    <i>Clausena anisata<\/i>\n                    Fruit and Its Compounds, Stigmasteryl 3\u2010Palmitate (a Phytosterol Ester) and Phellopterin (a Furanocoumarin), Against Some Clinical Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Kofi","family":"Kumatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong\u2010Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Asase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Development Department Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong\u2010Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prince Kyei","family":"Baffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong\u2010Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borge Leth","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong\u2010Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Agyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong\u2010Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Huu","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy Phenikaa University  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v11i3.28","article-title":"Phytochemical Investigation and Anti\u2010Microbial Activity of Clausena Anisata (Willd), Hook","volume":"11","author":"Agyepong N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines: AJTCAM"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020135"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np060581r"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","volume-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","author":"Ashurst V. 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J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemicals: Isolation, Characterisation and Role in Human Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","unstructured":"Nakatani M. K.Ishiba K.Tsunao andT.Hase.1991.Coumarins and Triterpenes From Skimmia japonica Thunb vol.24 81\u201386. Repositry of Faculty of Science Kagoshima University (Mathematics Physics and Chemistry)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53388\/TMR20220417001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00078-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5567\/pharmacologia.2013.469.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381972"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12010088"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010046"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(99)00138-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000200034"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","article-title":"Preparation of Highly Pure Stigmasteryl Oleate by Enzymatic Esterification of Stigmasterol Enriched From Soybean Phytosterols","volume":"140","author":"Wang H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT \u2010 Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","article-title":"Research Progress on Classification, Source, Application of Phytosterol Esters, and Their Thermal Oxidation Stability","volume":"179","author":"Wang J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.189217"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","volume-title":"WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","volume-title":"Typhoid","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","volume-title":"Global Report on Antimicrobial Resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70261","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70261","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:56:19Z","timestamp":1777031779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70261","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70261"}}