{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:17:02Z","timestamp":1777036622927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The increasing trend of multidrug resistance in Gram\u2010negative bacteria (MDR\u2010GNB) has been a major concern for the healthcare settings in Nepal and globally. In Nepal, previous studies on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have received limited attention to animal\u2010sourced food, which represents a significant route for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic\u2010resistant pathogens. This study aimed to assess antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance patterns of Gram\u2010negative bacteria isolated from intestinal and gizzard samples of chicken and pork meat collected from five municipalities in Kathmandu. From 13 samples (11 chicken and 2 pork), a robust collection of 136 Gram\u2010negative bacteria was isolated and subjected to susceptibility testing against 16 different antibiotics. The bacterial isolates, representing 11 distinct types, were successfully identified:\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (33.82%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (11.76%) were the predominant bacteria, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.8%),\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.8%),\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.8%),\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5.1%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Plesiomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5.1%), among others. Notably, the prevalence of multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria was notably high, with half (50%) of the isolates exhibiting resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Additionally, 73.9% of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 14.28% of\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 58.33% of\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 41.67% of\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    are found to be multidrug resistant. Thus, this study showed that the meat samples exhibited a high burden of MDR\u2010GNB, indicating a high risk of food\u2010borne illness and zoonotic transmission, calling for AMR monitoring and mitigation strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1774606786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot Study on the Prevalence and Characterization of Multidrug\u2010Resistant Gram\u2010Negative Bacteria in Chicken and Pork Meat Around Kathmandu District, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8831-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushma","family":"Paudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan WhiteHouse International College Kathmandu Bagmati Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumitra","family":"Tamang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan WhiteHouse International College Kathmandu Bagmati Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preety","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan WhiteHouse International College Kathmandu Bagmati Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rishav","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan WhiteHouse International College Kathmandu Bagmati Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4362-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushmita","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan WhiteHouse International College Kathmandu Bagmati Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astha","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wright State University Dayton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Acharya T.2022. IMViC Tests: Principle Procedure Results.https:\/\/microbeonline.com\/imvic-tests-principle-procedure-and-results\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Biochemical Testing Revision for Identification Several Kinds of Bacteria","volume":"29","author":"AL\u2010Joda B. M. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"MacConkey Agar Plates Protocols","volume":"30","author":"Allen M. E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Andrews W. H. andT. S.Hammack.2003.BAM: Food Sampling\/Preparation of Sample Homogenate. Food and Drug Administration."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121517"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Colony Morphology Protocol","author":"Breakwell D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Microbiological Applications","volume":"35","author":"Brown A. E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"McGRAW\u2010Hill Companies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2011.Gram\u2010Negative Bacteria Infections in Healthcare Settings. CDC.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/organisms\/gram-negative-bacteria.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"CLSI.2012.Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard\u2014Eleventh Edition. CLSI document M02\u2010A11(vol. 32). CLSI."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"CLSI.2021.Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(31st ed.). Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m100\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/PMC.S14459"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"FDA.2022.Investigation Operation Manual. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/inspection-references\/investigations-operations-manual."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01169-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Kirby\u2010Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol","volume":"15","author":"Hudzicki J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_349_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Leboffe M. J. andB. E.Pierce.2015.Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application. Morton Publishing Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Triple Sugar Iron Agar Protocols","author":"Lehman D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/acclm.v4i1.42676"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methyl Red and Voges\u2010Proskauer Test Protocols","volume":"8","author":"McDevitt S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"Nepal S.2022. \u201cNeed for Modern Slaughterhouses in Nepal.\u201dMyRepublica.https:\/\/myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com\/news\/need-for-modern-slaughterhouses-in-nepal\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7960268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2917-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05041-11"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms From Raw Meat Obtained From Different Market Places in and Around Chennai","volume":"3","author":"Thanigaivel G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"WHO.2021.Antimicrobial Resistance(Fact Sheet). World Health Organization.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","article-title":"Preparing Spread Plates Protocols","author":"Wise K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70275","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70275","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:55:26Z","timestamp":1777031726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70275","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70275"}}