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In Lepidoptera, larval gut communities are dynamic, but a core microbiota, often dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, persists across instars. In\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera littoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the enzyme kynurenine 3\u2010monooxygenase (KMO) regulates gut bacterial composition via 8\u2010hydroxyquinoline\u20102\u2010carboxylic acid (8\u2010HQA), a secreted iron\u2010chelating compound. To investigate whether this mechanism is conserved in Noctuidae, we generated\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera exigua kmo<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mutants using CRISPR\/Cas9 and analyzed bacterial communities in foregut, midgut, hindgut, and oral secretions by 16S metabarcoding, using RNA\u2010derived cDNA for gut samples and DNA for oral secretions due to lower microbial biomass. The\n                    <jats:italic>kmo<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion abolished 8\u2010HQA production, reduced bacterial diversity, and collapsed compartment\u2010specific bacterial communities in the gut, while also being associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominance in oral secretions. Fitness assays revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>kmo<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:sup>\n                    larvae exhibited reduced weight gain on artificial diet, and higher mortality and delayed growth when fed on pepper leaves. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>kmo<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    larvae were threefold more susceptible to\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , consistent with an interaction between host physiological state, gut microbial homeostasis, and pathogen susceptibility. Dietary supplementation with 8\u2010HQA partially mitigated, but did not fully rescue, growth deficits. Our results demonstrate that the kynurenine pathway and 8\u2010HQA production are crucial for maintaining gut microbial homeostasis, particularly within\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , thereby supporting larval development, dietary adaptation, and pathogen resilience. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism in noctuid moths linking host metabolism, microbiota regulation, and ecological performance, emphasizing the interplay between host genetics, microbiota composition, and environmental stressors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:15:58Z","timestamp":1776399358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maintenance of Gut Microbial Balance via the Kynurenine Pathway Improves Larval Performance and Resistance to\n                    <i>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/i>\n                    in\n                    <i>Spodoptera exigua<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0891-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences Plant Immunology and Biochemistry Group, Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences Plant Immunology and Biochemistry Group, Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Benavent\u2010Albarrac\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Gamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences Plant Immunology and Biochemistry Group, Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Crava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-11-16-0240-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2022.103720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.293-300.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604865103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521741113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2022.104369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600600940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Fox J. andS.Weisberg.2019. 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