{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:18:24Z","timestamp":1777036704104,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The oral cavity may act as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to directly isolate and identify phenotypically resistant bacteria from the oral biofilm of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis, using tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin containing selective agar. Furthermore, resistance of selected bacteria towards ampicillin was also evaluated. Plaque samples were collected from 12 patients (six healthy, six with periodontitis). Bacteria were cultured on selective agar containg defined antibiotic concentration and non\u2010selective media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, identified by MALDI\u2010TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA sequencing. The selected bacteria were subsequently tested for susceptibility using disk diffusion, E\u2010test, and \u03b2\u2010lactamase assay. 495 strains representing 106 species were isolated, including 54 aerobes\/facultative anaerobes and 52 obligate anaerobes. Antibiotic resistance was observed in all subjects: 15.2% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 32.9% to ciprofloxacin, and 0.6% to ampicillin, with no significant differences between healthy and periodontitis groups. Tetracycline resistance was most frequent in the\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    group and\n                    <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., while ciprofloxacin resistance was dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomyces\u2010Schaalia<\/jats:italic>\n                    group. Concluding, prevalence of antibiotic\u2010resistance was comparable between healthy and periodontitis patients. Resistance was most prevalent against ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, highlighting the oral cavity as a relevant reservoir for antibiotic resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T03:38:59Z","timestamp":1777001939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Selective Agar Containing Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline Reveals Resistant Oral Microbiota in Healthy and Periodontitis Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8219-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice Kandel Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Wittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Pelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstin","family":"Vach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Data Science Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development Eberswalde Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"von Ohle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology University Hospital T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Frese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Cieplik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al\u2010Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, Medical Center &amp; Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005","article-title":"Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity","volume":"43","author":"Aas J. 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