{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:46:43Z","timestamp":1782470803232,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the main causes of nosocomial infections. This pathogen affects immunocompromised individuals such as patients with chronic wounds or cystic fibrosis. Its capacity to evade antimicrobial therapies through resistance mechanisms has resulted in widespread prevalence of multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR), extensively drug\u2010resistant (XDR), and pandrug\u2010resistant (PDR) strains. We searched three databases (PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) for articles evaluating the effects of phage administration in the management of\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in animals and humans. We analyzed the main characteristics of the interventions, the coverage of different bacterial strains, and discussed possible gaps in the evidence available in the last 10 years. Literature shows strong evidence that the use of phage therapy for several clinical conditions in humans and animal models is a safe and effective intervention for infections caused by MDR\/XDR\/PDR\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Despite its therapeutic potential, phage therapy still faces several limitations such as lack of standardized dosing protocols, inconsistent endotoxin quantification, and limited regulatory frameworks. Future guidelines should focus on the regulation and validation of phage therapy in clinical practice, after overcoming the limitations currently identified. Further studies should ensure the standardization of phage production and the validation of delivery systems and routes of administration. Conducting multicenter clinical trials can contribute to the clinical implementation of phage therapy in countries where it is not yet regulated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:21:17Z","timestamp":1777868477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phage Therapy as an Alternative Strategy Against\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    : A Narrative Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Aparecido da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raine Piva","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa Cauvila","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Rafaela Ferreira","family":"Aio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda Romboli","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Cosme Cotta","family":"Malaquias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Magno","family":"de Freitas Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT \u2010 The Arctic University of Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Felipe Leomil","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03321-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30060-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15080618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0569-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2024.2350661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37636-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1711-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.825828"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00389-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01832-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101347"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000966"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1374466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky263"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31837-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030427"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02573-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052903"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-022-00293-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121711"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619835115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096231188243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02900-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-023-02037-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45313-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121740"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.699054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39370-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061857"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu D. J. D.Van Belleghem C. R.deVries et al.2021. The Safety and Toxicity of Phage Therapy: A Review of Animal and Clinical Studies. Viruses (Vol. 13 1268 7). MDPI AG.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13071268.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020427"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122760"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1306801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677219864616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040343"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.782733"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79678-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2020.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6492-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619881076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18246"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01705-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1150-2372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.851310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imj.2023.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0520-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mspheredirect.00365-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.20757"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122672"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209265"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","first-page":"495","volume-title":"The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications","author":"Whipps C. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2024. Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance to Guide Research Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2025 February 17. Bacteriophages and Their Use in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization and the European Centre for Disease Prevention Control.2022. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2900\/112339."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00496-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.682255"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00286"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S326230"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70303","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70303","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:50:47Z","timestamp":1782467447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70303","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70303"}}