{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:47:34Z","timestamp":1782470854324,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a multidrug\u2010resistant opportunistic bacterium, poses a substantial hazard in hospital settings. The emergence of colistin\u2010 and tigecycline\u2010resistant strains further limits treatment options and necessitates detailed investigation of resistance mechanisms. A total of 144 clinical\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from multiple hospitals in Iran were identified using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using both disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining. Resistance and biofilm\u2010related genes were detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of key resistance genes (\n                    <jats:italic>pmrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pmrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>adeB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>adeJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>adeG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in resistant isolates, and MLST was performed to determine the genetic relatedness among tigecycline\u2010 and colistin\u2010resistant isolates. Resistance to colistin and tigecycline was observed in 3 (2.08%) and 2 (1.4%) isolates, respectively, and 90.9% of the isolates were biofilm producers, with higher odds of strong biofilm formation significantly correlating with the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>PER1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . All isolates carried\n                    <jats:italic>pmrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pmrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but only colistin\u2010resistant isolates showed overexpression of these genes compared to susceptible ones. MLST revealed diverse sequence types among resistant isolates, including ST188, ST138, ST387, ST2288, and ST3337. This study highlights the complex interplay between the presence of genes, their expression, and the resistance phenotype in\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and underscores the importance of monitoring chromosomal resistance determinants for effective control and treatment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:09:25Z","timestamp":1781798965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Gene Distribution in Colistin\u2010Resistant\n                    <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zainab Amer","family":"Hatem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science University of Diyala Baqubah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadhela Nafaa","family":"Kafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Technology University of Al\u2010Maarif Anbar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farkad Hawas","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences University of Anbar Ramadi Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Al\u2010Taie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabaa Hisham","family":"Ateya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, College of Applied Science Fallujah University Fallujah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leqaa Majeed","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Fallujah Fallujah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8061-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erta","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raad N.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Environmental Center University of Fallujah Fallujah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2020.01138"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21123\/bsj.2020.17.3.0726"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4382-4390.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0319-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05913-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1417237"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","unstructured":"CLSI. 2025.Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 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