{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:20:48Z","timestamp":1787732448408,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    is increasingly linked to host metabolic, immune, and neurobehavioral phenotypes, yet taxon\u2010level associations are often inconsistent across studies and disease contexts. This review advances an effector\u2010centered framework to explain how\n                    <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    acts through host\u2010facing molecules, including outer membrane and secreted proteins such as Amuc_1100 (pilus\u2010associated signaling, PAS) and P9, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and shed cell\u2010envelope fragments and lipids. We synthesize evidence spanning barrier biology, immunometabolic regulation, infection and inflammatory injury, cancer immunology, and microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis research. Across models, effectors modulate the mucus and epithelial barrier to limit translocation and dampen Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) signaling, but mucus\u2010active enzymes or antigenic epitopes may also create liabilities in susceptible hosts. Defined effectors can reproduce key whole\u2010cell effects: in high\u2010fat diet (HFD)\/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver injury, vesicle preparations matched or exceeded pasteurized bacteria; Amuc_1100 maps to immune reprogramming and barrier signaling; and P9 links microbial cues to glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 (GLP\u20101) release. Key gaps include physiological dose realism, equivalence across colony\u2010forming units (CFU) and protein or vesicle doses, strain and culture\u2010condition dependence of effector expression, and limited human data for brain\u2010relevant endpoints. Effector\u2010defined preparations and engineered delivery systems may improve standardization and safety, but translation will require rigorous characterization, dose\u2010response validation, and mechanism\u2010linked biomarkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:39:22Z","timestamp":1785389962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding\n                    <i>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/i>\n                    Effector Biology: From Microbial Molecules to Host Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6476-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Arsalan","family":"Ghahari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Microbiology Research Center (MRC) Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4502-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainur","family":"Sadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases S.D. 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