{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:21:08Z","timestamp":1787732468597,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Urinary tract infections are highly prevalent diseases with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. This study investigates the influence of two key abiotic factors, pH and salinity, on the growth and antibiotic susceptibility of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 25922,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 27853, and a clinical\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate obtained from a human urine sample. Growth kinetics and gentamicin susceptibility were evaluated across a pH range (4.5\u201311.0) and NaCl concentrations (0\u20131000\u2009mM) using Luria\u2013Bertani and Mueller\u2013Hinton (MH) media. In parallel, real urine was analyzed, and urine\u2010mimicking MH media were prepared by adjusting pH and salinity independently and in combination. Gentamicin susceptibility was strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Salinity pre\u2010exposure increased\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance from 23.0 to 19.0\u2009mm and from 25.5 to 18.5\u2009mm at 800\u2009mM, respectively. Direct pH modification enhanced gentamicin activity at extreme pH (up to 34.33\u2009mm in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 33.5\u2009mm in\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In standard MH medium, the clinical\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate exhibited a 32.5\u2010mm inhibition zone and a gentamicin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. Under urine\u2010mimicking conditions, the inhibition zone decreased to 22.5\u2009mm, while the MIC increased eightfold to 32\u2009\u00b5g\/mL, indicating a marked reduction in gentamicin efficacy under physiologically relevant urinary conditions. These findings demonstrate that environmental stress profoundly influences gentamicin efficacy and suggest that this effect may involve physiological adaptations, including RpoS\u2010mediated stress responses, membrane remodeling, and osmoprotective mechanisms previously described in the literature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T11:37:11Z","timestamp":1786621031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the Standard Antibiogram: Unveiling the Roles of pH and Salinity in Modulating Gentamicin Efficacy Against\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    in Urinary Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4707-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9, MicroSOS, Facult\u00e9 SNVST Universit\u00e9 de Bouira Bouira Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5745-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdia El\u2010djohra El\u2010amina","family":"Saoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9, MicroSOS, Facult\u00e9 SNVST Universit\u00e9 de Bouira Bouira Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6484-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nesrine","family":"Tabchouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9, MicroSOS, Facult\u00e9 SNVST Universit\u00e9 de Bouira Bouira Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5980-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Bendif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotfi","family":"Mouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9, MicroSOS, Facult\u00e9 SNVST Universit\u00e9 de Bouira Bouira Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing V. 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