{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:09:08Z","timestamp":1789002548309,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Viral lysis is a major driver of phytoplankton mortality and a key source of dissolved organic matter in the ocean, yet quantitative and taxon\u2010resolved measurements of this process remain limited for eukaryotic plankton. Here, we demonstrate that cell\u2010free ribosomal RNA (rRNA) dissolved in the extracellular medium serves as a quantitative proxy for viral lysis in microeukaryotes by combining laboratory infection experiments with a rate\u2010based modeling framework. We investigated two host\u2013virus systems: the diatom\n                    <jats:italic>Chaetoceros tenuissimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected by a single\u2010stranded RNA virus (CtenRNAV) and the raphidophyte\n                    <jats:italic>Heterosigma akashiwo<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected by a large double\u2010stranded DNA virus (HaV). By explicitly accounting for cell\u2010free rRNA degradation, we quantified a proxy for cell lysis rate from cell\u2010free 18S rRNA dynamics and observed up to 46\u2010 and 302\u2010fold increases in cell\u2010normalized lysis rates under viral infection. In\n                    <jats:italic>C. tenuissimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , peak lysis preceded the decline in cell abundance, demonstrating that substantial viral lysis occurs while populations are still proliferating. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>H. akashiwo<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited elevated lysis in both early and late infection phases, implying that a fraction of host cells undergoes rapid, nonproductive mortality prior to viral replication, in addition to canonical lytic events. Our study provides the first experimental validation of cell\u2010free rRNA as a quantitative marker of lytic mortality in microeukaryotes, offering a scalable approach for estimating taxon\u2010specific mortality in natural plankton communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:00:27Z","timestamp":1789002027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying Viral Lysis in Microalgae Using Cell\u2010Free rRNA"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Saki","family":"Kikuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8164-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Tomaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Hatsukaichi Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keizo","family":"Nagasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Kochi University, Monobe\u2010Otsu Nankoku Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daichi","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Kochi University, Monobe\u2010Otsu Nankoku Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6594-377X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.1.13980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2014.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48172-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.871177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.23.5.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01288-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME23036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.62.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/mave.2010.978-0-9845591-0-7.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02380-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.70051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01393-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.3.898-902.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame013135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame014109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00509-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps092099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2003.01162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-017-3306-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021586118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01327-3"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70402","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:00:30Z","timestamp":1789002030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70402","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70402"}}