{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:06:30Z","timestamp":1789023990407,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Essential oils (EOs) are unique materials with healing powers that have been extensively reported. Yet their full antimicrobial potential is still underexplored due to their complex molecular properties, high viscosity, and low solubility, which limit their wide pharmaceutical application. In this study, we report the formulation of water\u2010soluble nanoemulsions (NEs) of three EOs, namely,\n                    <jats:italic>Artemisia vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rhododendron anthopogon<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Eremophila mitchellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The prepared NEs had an average particle diameter between 190 and 230\u2009nm and remained physically stable at 4\u00b0C for up to 6\u2009months. Most importantly, the fabricated NEs enhanced the antibacterial activity of the EOs against a multidrug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical isolate by eightfold, with the EO having a median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64\u2009mg\/mL, whilst the NEs had a median value of 8\u2009mg\/mL. Moreover, the NEs reduced the biofilm viability by up to &gt;\u20096\u2009log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    compared with the control groups. Among the tested EOs,\n                    <jats:italic>E. mitchelli<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 16 and &lt;\u20090.125\u2009mg\/mL for the EO and NE, respectively. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>E. mitchellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    NE nearly eradicated\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms at 10\u2009mg\/mL across all strains. Safety studies against human foreskin fibroblasts indicated a harmless effect of the excipients used in the fabrication process, where the viability of cells exposed to the NEs of\n                    <jats:italic>E. mitchellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    was &gt;\u200970% and 90%, respectively. These findings highlight the successful fabrication of EO\u2010based NEs with potent antibacterial activity against multidrug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical isolates in vitro.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1789021273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoemulsification Promotes Antibacterial Activity of Selected Essential Oils Against Multidrug\u2010Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Biofilms In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeena","family":"Karki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Ramezanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3109-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare M.","family":"Cooksley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive A.","family":"Prestidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Pharmacy and biomedical Sciences Adelaide University Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan","family":"Nepal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sholeh","family":"Feizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wild Wood Oils of Australia Angaston South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter\u2010John","family":"Wormald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4719-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Vreugde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0402-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Adelaide University Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Department of Surgery \u2010 Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network Adeliade University and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adeliade South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5285","article-title":"Novel Pluronic F\u2010127\u2010Coated ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their In\u2010Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Abuelsamen A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers for Advanced Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072285","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis\u2014An Update on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management","volume":"9","author":"Albu S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical 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