{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:57:11Z","timestamp":1790567831062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are maintained in the body for a significantly longer duration than small molecule antibiotics, potentially facilitating prolonged therapeutic effects. In this study, a novel nanoantibiotic formulation (\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu\u2013Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013Amp NPs) was prepared, and its antibacterial efficacy was evaluated. For this purpose,\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glutamic acid (\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu) was used for surface modification of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs), and ampicillin (Amp) was then conjugated\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu\u2013Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs structure. Fourier transform infrared analyses revealed that the final nanoantibiotic formulation\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu\u2013Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013Amp NPs was successfully prepared. The size distribution of the formulation was determined to be 164\u2009nm by ZETAsizer. It exhibited a controlled drug release profile over a certain period of time, with a slightly increased release and then exhibited a stable profile. Agar well diffusion assay and the LIVE\/DEAD BacLight fluorescent assay showed that the formulation had an antibacterial effectiveness against both\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The formulation has a lower minimal inhibitory concentration value against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . It significantly increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in both bacteria when compared with the Amp group. Its cellular uptake and bacterial interaction were confirmed by confocal and transmission electron microscopy images. The in vitro assay revealed that this formulation is nontoxic to fibroblast cells. This study highlights the potential of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu\u2013Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013Amp NPs conjugate as a potentially effective antibacterial agent. This is the first report on the use of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu as a surface modifier of Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs and Amp. Use of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glu increases the drug\u2010carrying capacity of NPs and reduces the possible side effects of Amp.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:41:35Z","timestamp":1790566895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Nanoantibiotic Formulation With Magnetic and Targeting Potential: Ampicillin\u2010Conjugated\n                    <scp>L<\/scp>\n                    \u2010glu\u2013Fe\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    NPs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Demirel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Baris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University Erzurum Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biology Science Faculty, Kyrgyz\u2010Turkish Manas University Bishkek Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"Taskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyda","family":"Albayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University Erzurum 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