{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:53:30Z","timestamp":1791183210225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Despite multimodal treatment, glioblastoma (GBM) remains difficult to control because of diffuse invasion, tumor heterogeneity, immune dysfunction, and frequent recurrence. Increasing attention has focused on whether intestinal microbial communities and their products can modify systemic and central nervous system processes relevant to GBM. This narrative review critically evaluates current evidence linking microbial communities, microbial metabolites, tumor\u2010associated microbial signals, and host immune responses with GBM biology and clinical translation. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for English\u2010language studies published from January 2019 through August 2026, with earlier foundational studies included when necessary. Human cohorts, tumor\u2010tissue studies, glioma models, microbiota\u2010transfer experiments, and mechanistic investigations were considered. Preclinical evidence supports several plausible pathways, including changes in short\u2010chain fatty acid availability, microglial and macrophage states, blood\u2010brain barrier regulation, systemic immunity, and tryptophan\u2010related signaling. However, many relevant metabolites may originate from microbial, host, immune, or tumor sources. Human studies remain limited and vulnerable to confounding, reverse causation, treatment effects, and geographic variation. Bacterial nucleic acids and bacteria\u2010associated HLA\u2010bound peptides have been detected in brain tumors, but these findings do not establish viable colonization or a gut origin. Low microbial biomass also necessitates rigorous contamination control and orthogonal validation. Microbial influences are biologically plausible modifiers of GBM rather than established drivers. Clinical translation requires longitudinal human studies, source\u2010resolved analyzes, standardized low\u2010biomass methods, mechanistic validation, and independent replication. No microbiome\u2010based biomarker or microbiome\u2010directed therapy is currently validated for routine GBM care or patient stratification in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:45:53Z","timestamp":1791182753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Microbiome in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Tumor\u2013Immune Interactions, and Translational Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tareq Nayef","family":"AlRamadneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al\u2010Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renuka","family":"Jyothi\u2010S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetics School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Priyadarshini\u2010Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Bhubaneswar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anima","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaker","family":"Al\u2010Hasnaawei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy The Islamic University Najaf Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah Al Diwaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun India"},{"name":"Adjunct Professor, Center for Promotion of Research Graphic Era Deemed to be University Dehradun India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7154-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Singh\u2010Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation Uttaranchal University Dehradun India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siya","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Rajpura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4850-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher Fitche Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_19_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180794"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00397-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174255"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2026.1002358"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919855942"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200131094445"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5920"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotech.2019.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135597"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2521256123"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0144"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_18_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.govGut Microbiota and Glioblastoma Multiforme Prognosis. 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