{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:55:10Z","timestamp":1791366910873,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The search for antimicrobials with a low propensity to select resistance has intensified in response to the global antimicrobial resistance crisis. Norway spruce resin (\n                    <jats:italic>Picea abies<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has long been used in Northern European wound care traditions and has shown broad antimicrobial activity in earlier microbiological studies. In the present study, we evaluated whether prolonged exposure to medical\u2010grade spruce resin promotes reduced susceptibility in reference strains of three bacterial species relevant to wound infection. A 20\u2010day serial\u2010passage experiment was performed with\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using sub\u2010inhibitory resin concentrations and broth microdilution readouts at baseline, Day 10, and Day 20. Resistance development was predefined as a \u2265\u20094\u2010fold increase in inhibitory concentration. Baseline inhibitory concentrations were 1.25% for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 5.0% for\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 2.5% for\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . After 20 days, inhibitory concentrations were 2.5%, 10.0%, and 2.5%, respectively, corresponding to at most twofold changes and remaining below the predefined threshold for resistance development. Validation and vehicle\u2010control arms indicated that these shifts were not attributable to medium transfer or solvent\u2010related bias. These findings suggest that medical\u2010grade Norway spruce resin has a low short\u2010term tendency to select for reduced susceptibility under serial\u2010passage conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:35:00Z","timestamp":1791365700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serial\u2010Passage Assessment Shows No Confirmed Resistance Development to Norway Spruce (\n                    <i>Picea Abies<\/i>\n                    ) Resin in Bacterial Species Relevant to Wound Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kamilla","family":"Yamileva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Repolar Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8056-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Parrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Repolar Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghanbarirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Repolar Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8717-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgen","family":"Multia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/VDE.13229"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JCLA.24655"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05985-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061678"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11606-020-05689-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1141-0921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11050599"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12941-024-00728-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2024.57.009043"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"989","article-title":"Longitudinal Trends and Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter Worldwide (1954\u20102023)","volume":"5","author":"Jia S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15374\/FZ2023005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S44259-024-00051-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13756-019-0559-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00284-022-03029-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/ALX02253E"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3318-3320.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2321-3868.113329"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5010009","article-title":"Microbial Biofilms and Chronic Wounds","volume":"5","author":"Omar A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-76354-1","article-title":"Global Genomic Surveillance Uncovers Emergence and Spatiotemporal Patterns of World Health Organization Priority Antibiotic Resistance in Invasive Salmonella","volume":"17","author":"Pei Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature Communications 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1524-475X.2010.00651.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS231810761"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/IWJ.13336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_548.x","article-title":"Antibacterial Effects of Home\u2010Made Resin Salve From Norway Spruce","volume":"115","author":"Rautio M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00040-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00030-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08461.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"Sipponen A.2013. \u201cConiferous Resin Salve Ancient and Effective Treatment for Chronic Wounds: Laboratory and Clinical Studies.\u201d Ph.D. Dissertation Dept. of Orthopedics and Traumatology Helsinki Univ. Helsinki Finland. University of Helsinki Finland."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01913120902889138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"Sipponen P.2011. \u201cSalvan valmistuksessa k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4 pihkaliuos.\u201d FI122095B issued 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JAC\/47.5.589"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59758-3","article-title":"A Global Atlas and Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella During 1900\u20102023","volume":"16","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2025.2539501"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FITOTE.2025.106410"}],"container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70436","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mbo3.70436","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mbo3.70436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:35:02Z","timestamp":1791365702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mbo3.70436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mbo3.70436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.70436","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8827","2045-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8827","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70436"}}