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Bacteriophages (phages) are promising candidates because their high host specificity allows targeted elimination of key intestinal pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    , pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while sparing commensal microbiota. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which phages promote intestinal health in livestock and poultry, covering pathogen lysis, modulation of gut microbiota, reinforcement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and regulation of host immune responses. Evidence from broiler chickens, weaned piglets, and ruminants shows that phage therapy can improve growth performance and help control diseases such as necrotic enteritis and edema disease. We further discuss how administration route, dosage, timing, and formulation affect intestinal delivery, and how encapsulation systems such as microcapsules and liposomes improve phage survival under gastrointestinal conditions. Strategies to delay resistance evolution through phage cocktails, and combinations of phages with probiotics or plant extracts, are also evaluated, with a staged screening framework proposed for assessing compatibility prior to field deployment. Because positive results dominate the controlled\u2010trial literature, we critically appraise failed, limited, and non\u2010durable\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    trials, attributing these outcomes to rapid clearance, anti\u2010phage immunity, inappropriate dosing, and spatial exclusion coupled with ecological mismatch. Commercial translation additionally depends on scalable production and downstream removal of endotoxins and host cell proteins at acceptable cost. Overcoming these challenges would allow phage\u2010based interventions to serve as precision antibiotic alternatives that support sustainable animal farming and global food security.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:56:47Z","timestamp":1792583807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms and Application of Bacteriophages in Regulating Intestinal Health of Livestock and Poultry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Manman","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Liaoning University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1547-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1102-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Liaoning University Shenyang 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