{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:16:45Z","timestamp":1785331005086,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological studies comparing clinical and commensal <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> isolates suggest that biofilm formation is a discriminant biomarker. A study showed that four non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming clinical <jats:italic>S.\u00a0epidermidis<\/jats:italic> isolates could form an induced biofilm by trypsin\u00a0treatment, suggesting that <jats:italic>S.\u00a0epidermidis<\/jats:italic> can form biofilms in a protease\u2010independent way and in a\u00a0trypsin\u2010induced way. In this study, the trypsin capacity to induce biofilm formation was evaluated in non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming <jats:italic>S.\u00a0epidermidis<\/jats:italic> isolates (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0133) in order to support this mechanism and to establish the importance of total biofilms (meaning the sum of protease\u2010independent biofilm and trypsin\u2010induced biofilm). <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> isolates from ocular infections (OI; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a024), prosthetic joint infections (PJI; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a064), and healthy skin (HS\u20101; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0100) were screened for protease\u2010independent biofilm formation according to Christensen's method. The result was that there are significant differences (<jats:italic>p\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.0001) between clinical (43.2%) and commensal (17%) protease\u2010independent biofilm producers. Meanwhile, non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming isolates were treated with trypsin, and biofilm formation was evaluated by the same method. The number of commensal trypsin\u2010induced biofilm producers significantly increased from 17% to 79%. In contrast, clinical isolates increased from 43.2% to 72.7%. The comparison between clinical and commensal total biofilm yielded no significant differences (<jats:italic>p\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.392). A similar result was found when different isolation sources were compared (OI vs. HS\u20101 and PJI vs. HS\u20101). The genotype <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\/aap<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> was associated with the trypsin\u2010induced biofilm phenotype; however, no correlation was observed between <jats:italic>aap<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression and the level of trypsin\u2010induced biofilm phenotype. Studying another group of commensal <jats:italic>S.\u00a0epidermidis<\/jats:italic> non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming isolates (HS\u20102; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0139) from different body sites, it was\u00a0found that 70 isolates (60.3%) formed trypsin\u2010induced biofilms. In conclusion, trypsin is capable of inducing biofilm production in non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming commensal <jats:italic>S.\u00a0epidermidis<\/jats:italic> isolates with the <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\/aap<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> genotype, and there is no significant difference in total biofilms when comparing clinical and commensal isolates, suggesting that total biofilms are not a discriminant biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:42:08Z","timestamp":1565174528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Non\u2010biofilm\u2010forming commensal <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/i> isolates produce biofilm in the presence of trypsin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvestre","family":"Ortega\u2010Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratory of Infectology Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda De Jes\u00fas","family":"De Haro\u2010Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Guadalupe","family":"Aguilera\u2010Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Alc\u00e1ntar\u2010Curiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Betanzos\u2010Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Queretaro Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Jan\u2010Roblero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Mayra","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigaci\u00f3n en Bioprocesos\u201d (UDIBI), Department of Immunology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Immunology Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario E.","family":"Cancino\u2010Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Innate Immunity, 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