{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1792658552618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007450","name":"Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG, AL\u20101179\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG, AL\u20101179\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MicrobiologyOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral malodor is a very discomforting condition deriving from the presence of volatile sulfur compounds in the expired air. In halitosis of intraoral etiology, the volatile sulfur compounds are metabolic products of the oral microorganisms within the biofilm coating the tongue dorsum as well as other tissues in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the microbial composition of tongue biofilm in volunteers suffering from halitosis and healthy volunteers by means of both the culture method and culture\u2010independent cloning technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A high bacterial variety (more than 80 different species) was detected using the combination of both methods. A distinct bacterial composition was revealed in the halitosis\u2010associated biofilms compared with the health\u2010associated biofilms.\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomyces graevenitzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was shown to be significantly associated with the halitosis condition. The culture method identified 47 species, included\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella rogosae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , never isolated from the tongue biofilm of halitosis patients so far. In the healthy condition, the culture\u2010dependent method showed that the most frequent species were\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus parasanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n                      among the aerobes and\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. among the anaerobes. The culture\u2010independent cloning method detected more than 50 species.\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococci<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in particular\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mitis\/oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u00a0pseudopneumoniae,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u00a0infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      as well as\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., were found most frequently in halitosis patients.\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      were found more frequently in the healthy condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination of the culture\u2010dependent and culture\u2010independent cloning techniques allowed for a widespread analysis of the tongue biofilm in halitosis patients. The results can support further pharmacological research for new antimicrobial agents and halitosis therapy strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T11:58:00Z","timestamp":1573732680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Combining culture and culture\u2010independent methods reveals new microbial composition of halitosis patients' tongue biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6130-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila 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