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Despite this importance, bacterial communities remain vastly understudied in many groups of invertebrates, including mites. Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) are a poorly known group of permanent bird ectoparasites that occupy quills of feathers and feed on bird subcutaneous tissue and fluids. Most of the known species have strongly female\u2010biased sex ratio, and it was hypothesized that this is caused by endosymbiotic bacteria. Previously,\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Foggie) and a high diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were detected in quill mites via targeted PCR screens. Here, we use an unbiased 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach to determine other bacteria that potentially impact quill mite biology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of 126 quill mite individuals from eleven species parasitizing twelve species (four families) of passeriform birds. In addition to\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we found\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      as potential symbiont of quill mites. Consistently, high\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      titers were only found in individuals of two mite species associated with finches of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Carduelis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting a history of horizontal transfers of\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      via the bird host. Furthermore, there was evidence for\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      negatively affecting\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      titers. We found no evidence for the previously reported\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      in quill mites, but detected sequences of high similarity to the potential pathogens\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      at low abundances. Other amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) could be assigned to a diverse number of bacterial taxa, including several that were previously isolated from bird skin. Further, many frequently found ASVs were assigned to taxa that show a very broad distribution with no strong prior evidence for symbiotic association with animals. We interpret these findings as evidence for a scarcity of resident microbial associates (other than inherited symbionts) in quill mites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:54:56Z","timestamp":1583481296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Microbial composition of enigmatic bird parasites:\n                    <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Spiroplasma<\/i>\n                    are the most important bacterial associates of quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Glowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology Department of Animal Morphology Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna Karolina","family":"Filutowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology Department of Gene Expression Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslawa","family":"Dabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7553-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2010.00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/11.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"272","article-title":"Entry and exit of syringophilid mites (Acarina: Syringophilidae) from the lumen of the quill","volume":"86","author":"Casto S. 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