{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1788366631128,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26462599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26462599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26462600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26462600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K11228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K11228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K20239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K20239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Carcinogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the promoter methylation status of galanin (<jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic>) and galanin receptor 1\/2 (<jats:italic>GALR1\/2<\/jats:italic>) by assessing their association with disease\u2010free survival and known prognostic factors in head and neck cancer. We generated methylation profiles of <jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GALR1\/2<\/jats:italic> in tumor samples obtained from 202 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); these included 43 hypopharynx, 42 larynx, 59 oral cavity, and 58 oropharynx tumor samples. CpG island hypermethylation status of the three genes was analyzed using quantitative methylation\u2010specific PCR (Q\u2010MSP). In order to determine the prognostic value of the methylation status of these genes, the associations between methylation index and various clinical characteristics, especially tumor site, were assessed for tumors from patients with HNSCC. The methylation index was positively correlated with female gender (<jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.008) and disease recurrence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) in oral cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)\u2010positive (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) status and disease recurrence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) in oropharyngeal cancer. Among patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer, promoter hypermethylation of <jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>GALR1<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>GALR2<\/jats:italic> was statistically correlated with a decrease in disease\u2010free survival (log\u2010rank test, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042, respectively). Furthermore, methylation of <jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>GALR1<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>GALR2<\/jats:italic> exhibited the highest association with poor survival (log\u2010rank test, <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.018) in patients with HPV\u2010negative oropharyngeal cancers. As such, <jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GALR1\/2<\/jats:italic> methylation status may serve as an important site\u2010specific biomarker for prediction of clinical outcome in patients with HNSCC. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T20:28:43Z","timestamp":1475180923000},"page":"1107-1116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Site\u2010specific methylation patterns of the <i>GAL<\/i> and <i>GALR1\/2<\/i> genes in head and neck cancer: Potential utility as biomarkers for prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Misawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Shizuoka 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Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Mineta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Shizuoka 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