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The 4\u2010nitroquinoline 1\u2010oxide (4\u2010NQO)\u2010induced murine oral and esophageal cancer model is frequently used to assess the effects of preventive and\/or therapeutic agents. We used this model to assess the impact of the microbiome on tumorigenesis using axenic (germ\u2010free) and conventionally housed mice. Increased toxicity was observed in germ\u2010free mice, however, no difference in tumor incidence, multiplicity, and size was observed. Transcriptional profiling of liver tissue from germ\u2010free and conventionally housed mice identified 254 differentially expressed genes including ten cytochrome p450 enzymes, the largest family of phase\u20101 drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Gene ontology revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for liver steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in livers of germ\u2010free mice. 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Studies on the role of the microbiome in chemical\u2010induced cancer using germ\u2010free animal models should consider the potential difference in dose due to the microbiome\u2010mediated changes in host metabolizing capacity, which might influence the ability to draw conclusions especially for tumor induction models that are dose dependent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T09:33:39Z","timestamp":1547199219000},"page":"627-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["No difference in 4\u2010nitroquinoline induced tumorigenesis between germ\u2010free and colonized mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yan\u2010Xia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science Shandong University at Weihai Weihai China"},{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Fuentes\u2010Creollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasha A.","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuang\u2010Yu","family":"Jen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Sacramento California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Celniker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9320-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian\u2010Hua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"},{"name":"Berkeley Biomedical Data Science Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"},{"name":"School of BioEngineering and BioInformatics Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine M.","family":"Snijders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"},{"name":"Berkeley Biomedical Data Science Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California"},{"name":"School of BioEngineering and BioInformatics Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Cancer Facts & Figures 2017. 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