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Two\u2010dimensional SDS\u2010polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the chromate\u2010induced DNA\u2010protein complexes revealed that two acidic proteins of 53 and 45 kDa and a basic protein of 54 kDa were selectively complexed to the DNA. Numerous other proteins also became associated with the DNA to a lesser degree as the chromate concentration was increased. Nuclease digestion was not a prerequisite for the resolution of the protein component of the DNA\u2010protein complexes using two\u2010dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugal analysis of the DNA\u2010protein complexes in the presence of proteinase K, nucleases, or a chelating agent demonstrated that protein aggregation was not responsible for the increased protein recovery in chromate\u2010treated samples and that the complexes were disrupted by EDTA. These data suggest that the selectively complexed proteins were associated with the DNA through strong interactions that may be mediated by the trivalent form of chromium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940010208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T19:34:28Z","timestamp":1172086468000},"page":"125-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Characterization of DNA\u2010protein complexes induced in intact cells by the carcinogen chromate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Charles Miller","family":"A.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"IARC Monographs: Environmental Carcinogens\u2010Selected Methods of Analysis","author":"Sunderman FW","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"63","volume-title":"IARC Monographs: Environmental Carcinogens\u2010Selected Methods of Analysis","author":"Hertel RF","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-80441-9.50012-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02783248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8140233","article-title":"The role of metals in carcinogenesis: Biochemistry and metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Jennette KW","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(87)90044-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00622a033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"5662","article-title":"Chromium(VI)\u2010induced DNA lesions and chromium distribution in rat kidney, liver, and lung","volume":"43","author":"Tsapakos MJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(81)90077-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/5.12.1705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"4547","article-title":"Comparison of DNA lesions and cytotoxicity induced by calcium chromate in human, mouse, and hamster cell lines","volume":"46","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"606","article-title":"Characterization of DNA lesions induced by CaCrO4 in synchronous and asynchronous cultured mammalian cells","volume":"29","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38476-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.1984.10507567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"260","article-title":"Mechanism of chromium carcinogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Persson D","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88901-3","article-title":"Chromium\u2010induced crosslinking of nuclear proteins and DNA","volume":"260","author":"Wedrychowski A","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90139-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(77)90176-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150020303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Maniatis T","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"405","article-title":"Toxic metals produce an S\u2010phase\u2010specific cell cycle block","volume":"38","author":"Costa M","year":"1982","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Stability Constants of Metal\u2010Ion Complexes. 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