{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:16:47Z","timestamp":1764688607344},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5313,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Carcinogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The occurrence of Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> and Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> oncogenes was investigated in mammary tumors produced by treating genetically resistant Copenhagen (Cop) rats with <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010nitrosourea. G<jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>A codon 12 mutations in both Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> and Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> genes were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction\/liquid hybridization and gel retardation assay. More than half of the adenocarcinomas analyzed contained an activated Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> gene. This was also the predominant mutation in similar tumors from susceptible Buf\/N rats, suggesting a common mechanism of initiation. In contrast, only two of 15 mammary adenosquamous carcinomas from the Cop rats contained an activated Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> gene, suggesting a different initiation mechanism for most of these tumors. Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> activation was found in none of five and one of five adenocarcinomas from Buf\/N and Cop rats, respectively, and in none of 13 adenosquamous carcinomas from Cop rats. These results suggest that Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> activation does not play a major role in the initiation of the mammary tumors. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940060407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T20:44:17Z","timestamp":1172090657000},"page":"260-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["ras Oncogene activation in mammary carcinomas induced by <i>n<\/i>\u2010methyl\u2010<i>n<\/i>\u2010nitrosourea in copenhagen rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shi\u2010Jiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael 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