{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T18:05:06Z","timestamp":1759773906623},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3883,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Carcinogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The alkylating agent 4\u2010nitroquinoline 1\u2010oxide (4\u2010NQO) is a powerful carcinogen and induces squamous cell hyperplasia, squamous cell dysplasia, papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma (a) in rat oral epithelia. Oral cancers induced by a single application of 4\u2010NQO develop through a multistage process in a way similar to the development of this cancer in humans. In this study, mutations in exons 1 and 2 of Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, N\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, and Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> and exons 4\u20137 of <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic> were examined by polymerase chain reaction (a) \u2010single strand conformation polymorphism (a) analysis, followed by PCR\u2010direct sequencing for the confirmation of mutations. Samples for the mutation analysis were obtained from dysplasias, papillomas, and SCCs on the tongue epithelia induced in F344 rats by adding 4\u2010NQO (20 ppm) to their drinking water for 8 wk. The Ha\u2010ras mutations (<jats:sup>61<\/jats:sup>A\u2192T transversions in the second position) were found in five of 29 (17%) samples (one dysplasia and four SCCs). However, no mutations were detected in either Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, N\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic> under two different conditions of PCR\u2010SSCP analysis. We suggest that some neoplasms in oral carcinogenesis induced by 4\u2010NQO may involve Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> mutations but not mutations in Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, N\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>. The 4\u2010NQO\u2010induced rat oral carcinogenesis model may provide a system for evaluation of the mechanisms of multistage oral carcinogenesis associated with Ha\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> mutation without Ki\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, N\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic> mutation. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010 Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940140410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1172092290000},"page":"294-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Infrequent Ha\u2010<i>ras<\/i> mutations and absence of Ki\u2010<i>ras<\/i>, N\u2010<i>ras<\/i>, and <i>p53<\/i> mutations in 4\u2010nitroquinoline 1\u2010oxide\u2010induced rat oral lesions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Masumi","family":"Suzui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yoshimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"972","article-title":"Most human squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity contain mutated p53 tumor suppressor genes","volume":"7","author":"Sakai E","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"5997","article-title":"Frequent p53 mutations in head and neck 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