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This review examines the complex interactions between RT and the immune system, highlighting its diverse effects on various immune cell populations, and exploring emerging strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes. We discuss lessons learned from the re\u2010emergence of low\u2010dose irradiation for non\u2010malignant disorders, the use of RT in managing graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease, and the importance of fractionation in modulating immune responses. This review addresses abscopal effects and their clinical implications. We emphasize the critical role of tumor\u2010draining lymph nodes in mediating systemic immune responses. Recent advancements, including FLASH radiotherapy and targeted approaches to preserving immune function, have been explored. By integrating historical insights with contemporary research, this review aims to guide future RT practices and optimize their immunomodulatory potential, while minimizing adverse effects. 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