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Eventually, CHD may result in various complications including heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, pneumonia, and sudden death. Unfortunately, the exact etiology and pathophysiology of some CHD remain unclear. Although the quality of life and prognosis of patients with CHD have significantly improved following technological advancement, the influence of CHD is lifelong, especially in patients with complicated CHD. Thus, the management of CHD remains a challenge due to its high prevalence. Finally, there are some disagreements on CHD among international guidelines. In this review, we provide an update of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment in most common type of CHD, including patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, coronary anomalies, left and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, tetralogy of Fallot and Ebstein anomaly. In particular, we focus on what is known and what is unknown in these areas, aiming to improve the current understanding of various types of CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T07:51:42Z","timestamp":1720165902000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Congenital heart disease: types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan 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