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However, the objective response rate of ICI monotherapy remains modest (10\u201340%), with clinical benefit observed in only 15\u201320% of patients. The limited efficacy of ICIs in many patients is often attributed to poorly immunogenic (\u201ccold\u201d) tumors. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy exhibit immunomodulatory properties that can enhance tumor immunogenicity. These effects provide a rationale for combining ICIs with conventional therapies. Current research lacks systematic synthesis and consistent clinical evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of radio\/chemotherapy, and the optimal selection and sequencing of radio\/chemotherapy with immunotherapy remain unclear, limiting the optimization of combination strategies with immunotherapy. This review outlines the current landscape of cancer immunotherapy and elucidates the immunomodulatory effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy that form the basis for combination strategies. It further summarizes clinical advances in combined modalities and discusses associated toxicities, management approaches, and potential predictive biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing radio\/chemo\u2010immunotherapy by integrating mechanistic insights with clinical evidence to guide future personalized cancer treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T05:12:11Z","timestamp":1756703531000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cancer Immunotherapy in Combination with Radiotherapy and\/or Chemotherapy: Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xinmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Breast Health Medicine West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan 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