{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:58:02Z","timestamp":1790434682317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82473434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92159302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92159302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MedComm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, as a novel class of biotherapeutics, leverage mRNA technology to instruct cells to produce specific antigens, thereby inducing an immune response. In recent years, significant progress has been made in applying these vaccines to infectious disease prevention and cancer treatment. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer high programmability, as well as greatly enhanced stability and immunogenicity, achieved through nucleotide modifications and advanced delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles. However, many challenges remain in the design and delivery of mRNA vaccines, particularly for complex conditions like cancer. This review explores the latest advances and future prospects of mRNA vaccines in both infectious disease prevention and cancer therapy. It discusses the mechanisms of tumor immune escape and examines the potential of mRNA vaccines to overcome tumor immune resistance. The review also analyzes strategies for tumor vaccine design and the development of novel delivery systems, projecting the future role of mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy. By providing theoretical guidance and technical insights, this review aims to expand the development of mRNA vaccines across broader disease areas. It offers both a theoretical framework and a practical reference for researchers focused on infectious disease control and precision cancer immunotherapy. Ultimately, these insights will help advance the clinical application of next\u2010generation mRNA therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:05:32Z","timestamp":1761818732000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["mRNA Vaccines: Current Applications and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jianmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of High Altitude Medicine, Center for High Altitude Medicine West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0236"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-070621-030155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411087"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0389-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2022.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02483-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.022.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2307187"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198504931.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00346-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01001A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Clinical Advances and Ongoing Trials of mRNA Vaccines for Cancer Treatment","author":"Lorentzen C. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","article-title":"Future Prospects in mRNA Vaccine Development","volume":"18","author":"Mbatha L. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedical Materials (Bristol)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2436"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209367109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21428"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100746"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/amp2.10060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serum Amyloid A Promotes Glycolysis of Neutrophils During PD\u20101 Blockade Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"He M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"WT1\u2010mRNA Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Metastatic Breast Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors: Type 1 T\u2010lymphocyte Responses Are Associated With Clinical Outcome","volume":"18","author":"Berneman Z. N.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Hematology and Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0787"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303713"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01381-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2419815"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01335-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114175"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00757-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01311-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.7372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027906"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of a Quadrivalent Nucleoside\u2010modified mRNA Vaccine That Protects Against Group 2 Influenza Viruses","volume":"119","author":"McMahon M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32149-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0271"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a Phase 1\/2 Randomized Clinical Trial of a Quadrivalent, mRNA\u2010based Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (mRNA\u20101010) in Healthy Adults: Interim Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lee I. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00919-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-024-00095-3","article-title":"FDA Approves mRNA\u2010based RSV Vaccine","volume":"23","author":"Mullard A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00753-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030360"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulated Nucleoside\u2010modified mRNA Vaccines Elicit Polyfunctional HIV\u20101 Antibodies Comparable to Proteins in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"6","author":"Saunders K. O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01574-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vaccination With mRNA\u2010encoded Nanoparticles Drives Early Maturation of HIV bnAb Precursors in Humans","volume":"8382","author":"Willis J. R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS\u201024\u201002701"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad593"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31665-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw7083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","first-page":"E4133","article-title":"Dendrimer\u2010RNA Nanoparticles Generate Protective Immunity Against Lethal Ebola, H1N1 Influenza, and Toxoplasma Gondii Challenges With a Single Dose","volume":"113","author":"Chahal J. S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix592"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41376-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg3540"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2537-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00449-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR06991H"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00438"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad214"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Advances, Trends and Challenges","author":"He Q.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3670"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0103-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071448"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"T Cell Circuits That Sense Antigen Density With an Ultrasensitive Threshold","volume":"75","author":"Hernandez\u2010Lopez R. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01247-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01499"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00460-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134915"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040776"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Immunogenic Personal Neoantigen Vaccine for Melanoma Patients","volume":"10","author":"Ott P. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt245"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1372081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053402"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003689"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0218-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042420-112725"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01310"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-092012-112807"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1490"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0593"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114984"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0856-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0349"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0022-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15179"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_1","first-page":"4404","article-title":"Increased Populations of Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood and Tumor\u2010infiltrating Lymphocytes in Patients With Gastric and Esophageal Cancers","volume":"9","author":"Ichihara F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160062"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255904"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0011-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130579"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417320112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0283"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01579-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-024-00990-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2024.2373526"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Rosell E.Jantus\u2010lewintre P.Cao et\u00a0al. KRAS\u2010mutant non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy based on tepotinib and omeprazole combination.1\u201315(2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01667-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00707-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202200005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186582"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.973859"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.5.11.2108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_1","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Synthesis and Properties of mRNAs Containing the Novel \u2018Anti\u2010reverse\u2019 cap Analogs 7\u2010methyl(3\u2032\u2010O\u2010methyl)GpppG and 7\u2010methyl(3\u2032\u2010deoxy)GpppG","volume":"7","author":"Stepinski J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rna"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6077"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020270"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_1","first-page":"756","article-title":"Optimization of mRNA Untranslated Regions for Improved Expression of Therapeutic mRNA","volume":"15","author":"Asrani K. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0164-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4255-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107534"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/475731"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114961"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90418-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90200-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28776-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00749F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01445-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_166_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coding\u2010sequence Determinants of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli","volume":"23","author":"Kudla G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.22269"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3499"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1602"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2868"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_177_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protective Efficacy of Nucleic Acid Vaccines against Transmission of Zika Virus during Pregnancy in Mice Brett","volume":"3","author":"Jagger B. W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0032-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171450"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05482-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat9143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07858"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202303261"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01007-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071972"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-022-00370-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_190_1","unstructured":"E.Kon U.Elia andD.PeerPrinciples for designing an optimal mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1776259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1984890"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.986104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-018-0038-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00725-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b02917"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520756113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116126"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1681"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120080"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2015.1038856"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084055"}],"container-title":["MedComm"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mco2.70434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T03:48:59Z","timestamp":1765856939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mco2.70434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mco2.70434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70434","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-2663","2688-2663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-2663","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-2663","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"article-number":"e70434"}}