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The incidence of HZ increases sharply with age and immunocompromised states, and its clinical burden extends well beyond cutaneous disease to include postherpetic neuralgia, neurological complications, and systemic involvement. At the mechanistic level, HZ reflects a dynamic interplay between viral reactivation, host immune surveillance, and virus\u2010induced neuronal injury. Despite substantial progress in antiviral therapy and vaccination, many interventions remain focused on individual stages of the disease process, and the translation of molecular insights into comprehensive clinical strategies remains incomplete. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of VZV epidemiology, structure, and life cycle, and provide an integrated overview of clinical manifestations and molecular pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on latency, reactivation, and immune evasion. We further summarize advances in diagnostic technologies and discuss therapeutic strategies targeting viral replication, inflammatory complications, and long\u2010term sequelae, alongside preventive approaches. By linking disease mechanisms with clinical management, this review highlights key challenges and emerging directions for improving the prevention and treatment of HZ and provides a framework for translating fundamental discoveries into more effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:40:41Z","timestamp":1773013241000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Varicella Zoster Virus Infection: Clinical Features, Molecular Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1871-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8608-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nautical Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Educational Institutions Faculty of Naval Medicine Navy Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Naval Medical Center of PLA  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaofeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Immunity &amp; Inflammation Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/163260a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386\u20106532(10)70002\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/306478a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.19.06412-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2021-0242"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040142"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Varicella\u2010zoster Virus Genome","volume":"342","author":"Cohen J. 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