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In this study, we characterized growth dynamics, tissue architecture, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity in a 3D bioprinted breast carcinoma model of T47D cell line and compared these features with conventional two\u2010dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Tissue\u2010mimetic structures (TMSs) were generated by 3D bioprinting and analyzed for cell viability, proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis, as well as the expression of cell\u2013cell and cell\u2013extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion proteins. In addition, mTOR pathway activity and responsiveness to mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and ipatasertib) and chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin) were assessed. The bioprinted TMSs remained viable for up to 3 weeks and developed a tissue\u2010like architecture characterized by heterogeneous marker expression (\u03b2\u2010catenin, E\u2010cadherin, N\u2010cadherin, fibronectin, and syndecan) and complex cellular organization. Compared with 2D monolayer cultures, 3D TMSs exhibited reduced mTOR signaling activity, which led to significantly decreased sensitivity to mTOR inhibition. These findings indicate that 3D bioprinted breast cancer models recapitulate key structural and signaling features of in situ tumors more accurately than 2D systems, highlighting their potential value for preclinical drug testing and mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:24:56Z","timestamp":1779780296000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From 2D to 3D Bioprinted In Vitro Breast Cancer Model: A Comparative Study of Proliferation, Tissue Structure, and mTOR Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Moldvai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Pet\u0151v\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeka","family":"Gelencs\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Sztankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Miyaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatime","family":"Szalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9lia","family":"Baghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Krencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titanilla","family":"Dank\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sebesty\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxy072"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","article-title":"How Safe Are New Drugs? 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