{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:46:12Z","timestamp":1792043172247,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":320,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MedComm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Osteomyelitis (OM) is a severe inflammatory bone disease caused by pathogen invasion, representing a major challenge in orthopedic surgery.\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is the predominant causative pathogen across all OM subtypes, and its increasing antibiotic resistance has further complicated clinical management. Despite advances in antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement, treatment failure and disease recurrence remain unacceptably high. Emerging evidence suggests that these poor outcomes are largely attributed to the intricate host\u2013pathogen interplay within the bone microenvironment, yet the underlying immunological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics, classification, clinical features, pathophysiology, and current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OM, with a particular focus on host immune dysregulation in disease initiation and chronicity, elucidating the mechanisms underlying immunosuppressive niche formation and persistent bone destruction. We further dissect the multifaceted immune evasion strategies employed by\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including biofilm formation, intracellular persistence, and abscess barrier construction, which collectively drive infection chronicity and progressive bone destruction. By synthesizing recent advances in osteoimmunology, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps and proposes potential targeted immunomodulatory interventions, offering promising avenues to overcome conventional treatment limitations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:36:54Z","timestamp":1789976214000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Osteomyelitis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Qingqiang","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery Daping Hospital, Army Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangbin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Obesity and Metabolism Medicine\u2010Engineering Integration Laboratory, Department of General Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"},{"name":"The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peidong","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery Daping Hospital, Army Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianchao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-3-157"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00084-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00932-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12570-011-0056-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04639-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2025.2497791"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115568"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0952"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24804"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2009.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v034a06"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"The Challenge of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal Infection After Total Hip Replacement: Overlooked or Overstated?","volume":"96","author":"Parry M. 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