{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:21:07Z","timestamp":1783542067120,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST Action BM1101","award":["ECOST-STSM-BM1101-160913-035934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECOST-STSM-BM1101-160913-035934"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MU1692\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MU1692\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GA 2031\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 2031\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000782","name":"European Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on their phenomenology, tics can be classified as clonic, dystonic, and tonic. Although tic syndromes are considered to be childhood disorders, there are reports on (clonic) tics developing late in life. Literature on dystonic tics is sparse, and it is unclear whether adult\u2010onset dystonic tics are part of the same disorder spectrum that includes Tourette's syndrome or represent a discrete entity. We describe here 11 patients with adult\u2010onset primary dystonic tics. Ten patients (90.1%) were males. Mean age at onset was 42.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.9\u00a0years. More than 60% had both motor clonic and dystonic tics. Dystonic tics most frequently involved the cranial\u2010cervical region and the shoulders and, less frequently, the limbs. Psychiatric comorbidities were present in 5 patients. Family history for any movement disorder or for psychiatric disorders was present in 2 cases. One patient showed a sensory geste, which allowed him to partially control his tics, whereas another developed overt dystonia 3\u00a0years after his first assessment. The hyperkinesias exhibited by these patients were likely consistent with tics. However, other clinical features would allow us to argue that adult\u2010onset dystonic tics may represent a discrete entity, which is intermediate between tics and dystonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]],"date-time":"2014-04-11T05:04:16Z","timestamp":1397192656000},"page":"62-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Adult\u2010Onset Primary Dystonic Tics: A Different Entity?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Erro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento Universit\u00e0 di Verona, Policlinico Borgo Roma Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woolwich, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust London United Kingdom"},{"name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Trauma Queen Mary University of London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf (UKE) Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry Institute of Neurogenetics University of L\u00fcbeck L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Damasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department Hospital de Santo Antonio Centro Hospitalar do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Batla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870010103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0164-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70311-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra010032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.738"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","article-title":"Tic modulation using sensory tricks","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert RW","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N 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