{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:38:02Z","timestamp":1790199482987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson's UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before 1911, when Hermann Oppenheim introduced the term dystonia, this movement disorder lacked a unifying descriptor. While words like epilepsy, apoplexy, and palsy have had their meanings since antiquity, references to dystonia are much harder to identify in historical documents. Torticollis is an exception, although there is difficulty distinguishing dystonic torticollis from congenital muscular torticollis. There are, nevertheless, possible representations of dystonia in literature and visual art from the pre\u2010modern world. Eighteenth century systematic nosologists such as Linnaeus, de Sauvages, and Cullen had attempted to classify some spasmodic conditions, including torticollis. But only after Charcot's contributions to clinical neuroscience were the various forms of generalized and focal dystonia clearly delineated. They were categorized as <jats:italic>n\u00e9vroses<\/jats:italic>: Charcot's term for conditions without an identifiable neuroanatomical cause. For a time thereafter, psychoanalytic models of dystonia based on Freud's ideas about unconscious conflicts transduced into physical symptoms were ascendant, although there was always a dissenting \u201corganic\u201d school. With the rise of subspecialization in movement disorders during the 1970s, the pendulum swung strongly back toward organic causation. David Marsden's clinical and electrophysiological research on the adult\u2010onset focal dystonias was particularly important in establishing a physical basis for these disorders. We are still in a period of \u201cliving history\u201d of dystonia, with much yet to be understood about pathophysiology. Rigidly dualistic models have crumbled in the face of evidence of electrophysiological and psychopathological overlap between organic and functional dystonia. More flexible biopsychosocial frameworks may address the demand for new diagnostic and therapeutic rationales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T23:11:41Z","timestamp":1490915501000},"page":"478-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A History of Dystonia: Ancient to Modern"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Newby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Department Monash Medical Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Leeds General Infirmary Leeds United Kingdom"},{"name":"Hull York Medical School University of York York United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah E.","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medieval Studies University of York York United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Chronic Diseases and Disorders (C2D2)\/Electronics Department University of York York United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Kempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Department Monash Medical Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Leeds General Infirmary Leeds United Kingdom"},{"name":"Hull York Medical School University of York York United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1090","article-title":"\u00dcber eine eigenartige krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugendlichen alters (dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans)","volume":"30","author":"Oppenheim H","year":"1911","journal-title":"Neurologisches Centralblatt"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"747","article-title":"Athetosis","volume":"2","author":"Hammond WA","year":"1871","journal-title":"Med Times Gaz"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hippocrates.Coan Prenotions. Anatomical and Minor Clinical Writings.Hippocrates. Vol. IX. Potter P trans.Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press;2010:165.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-coan_prenotions.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Works","author":"Hippocrates","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"516","volume-title":"On Medicine","author":"Celsus","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"376","volume-title":"On Medicine","author":"Celsus","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"518","volume-title":"Natural History","author":"Pliny","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91144-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Plutarch's Lives","author":"Plutarch","year":"1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704049052160"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22954"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"294","volume-title":"Sacrifice, Violence, and Ideology Among the Moche: The Rise of Social Complexity in Ancient Peru","author":"Bourget S","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"274","volume-title":"The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich","author":"Thomas of Monmouth","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203016060","volume-title":"Disability in Medieval Europe: Thinking about Physical Impairment in the High Middle Ages, c.1100\u2013c.1400","author":"Metzler I","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Quaestio contra divinatores horoscopios","volume":"43","author":"Caroti S","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Hist Doctrin Litt Moyen Age"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00393274.2015.1101354"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30135-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Tout ce qui existe de ses oeuvres: Gargantua\u2010Pantagruel","author":"Rabelais F","year":"1884"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Gargantua and Pantagruel","author":"Screech MA","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.272","article-title":"Early illustrations of geste antagoniste in cervical and generalized dystonia","volume":"5","author":"Broussolle E","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Rabelais analys\u00e9, ou Explication de 76 figures gravees pour ses \u0153uvres par les meilleurs artistes du si\u00e8cle dernier","author":"Rabelais MF","year":"1830"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.12.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Yawning man or blepharospasm\u2010oromandibular dystonia? \u201cBrueghel's syndrome\u201d revisited","volume":"36","author":"Reich SG","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.4.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","first-page":"1954","volume-title":"Neurology","author":"Kinnier Wilson SA","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","volume-title":"Oeuvres de M. Scarron. Nouvelle Edition","author":"Scarron P","year":"1737"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Edward Flatau, Wladyslaw Sterling, torsion spasm in Jewish children, and the early history of human genetics","volume":"14","author":"Eldridge R","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"SchwalbeW.Eine eigent\u00fcmliche tonische Krampfform mit hysterischen Symptomen [thesis].Berlin;1908."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Le syndrome du torticollis spasmodique. Spasmes fonctionnels et maladies h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires et familiales du syst\u00e8me nerveux","volume":"15","author":"Destarac","year":"1902","journal-title":"Nouv Iconograph Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Le\u00e7ons du Mardi \u00e0 la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re. Policliniques. 1887\u20131888","author":"Charcot JM","year":"1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"502","volume-title":"Le\u00e7ons sur les Maladies Nerveuses: La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 1893\u20131894","author":"Brissaud E","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","volume-title":"Les Tics et leur Traitement","author":"Meige H","year":"1902"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","first-page":"693","article-title":"Sur le spasme du cou","volume":"10","author":"Babinski J","year":"1901","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des torticolis spasmodiques, spasmes, tics, rythmies du cou, torticolis mental etc","author":"Cruchet R","year":"1907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"Les convulsions de la face, une forme clinique de convulsion faciale bilat\u00e9rale et m\u00e9diane","volume":"20","author":"Meige H","year":"1910","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"674","volume-title":"Gesammelte Beitr\u00e4ge zur Pathologie und Physiologie","author":"Traube L","year":"1871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Diseases of Workers","author":"Ramazzini B","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","first-page":"414","volume-title":"The Nervous System of the Human Body","author":"Bell C","year":"1844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"918","volume-title":"De L\u2019\u00e9lectrisation localis\u00e9e et de son application \u00e0 la pathologie et \u00e0 la th\u00e9rapeutique","author":"Duchenne GM","year":"1861"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095952877806100111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen","author":"Romberg H","year":"1853"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","unstructured":"RombergMH.A Manual of the Nervous Diseases of Man. Sieveking EH trans.London:Sydenham Society;1853:320\u2013324."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.890.87-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Robert Schumann","volume":"19","author":"Lederman RJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100402"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","first-page":"1629","volume-title":"Neurology","author":"Kinnier Wilson SA","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Tics and Related Disorders","author":"Lees AJ","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Remarques personnelles sur les torticolis spasmodiques","volume":"45","author":"Meige H","year":"1929","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290280003001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290280017002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290310026002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Idiopathic dystonia musculorum derformans: I. The hereditary pattern","volume":"11","author":"Zeman W","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(69)80042-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160300045010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","first-page":"858","article-title":"The nature of dystonia","volume":"41","author":"Denny\u2010Brown D","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Definition of dystonia and classification of the dystonic states","volume":"14","author":"Fahn S","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"The problem of adult\u2010onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp, and torticollis, or axial dystonia)","volume":"14","author":"Marsden CD","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90007-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","unstructured":"1981 Clarendon Oxford C Dickens N Burgis David Copperfield 70"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","volume-title":"The High Window","author":"Chandler R","year":"1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000311191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","unstructured":"MeigeH FeindelE.Tics and their Treatment. Wilson SAK trans.London:Sidney Appleton;1907."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.s1-8.30.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90188-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000137113.39225.FA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23791"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws308"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301386"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NMD.0000081667.02656.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.121699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2003.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws129"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmdc3.12493","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.12493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1760962441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mdc3.12493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mdc3.12493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12493","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-1619","2330-1619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1619","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}