{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:09Z","timestamp":1792084149491,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this 5\u2010year longitudinal study was to investigate whether patients with increased blinking develop orbicularis oculi muscle spasms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven patients who initially manifested increased blinking alone were clinically and neurophysiologically re\u2010evaluated 5 years later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>By the 5\u2010year follow\u2010up assessment, 9 of the 11 patients had developed orbicularis oculi muscle spasms. The blink reflex recovery cycle became abnormal, whereas somatosensory temporal discrimination, which already was abnormal at the first evaluation, did not significantly change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our longitudinal study demonstrates that increased blinking may precede blepharospasm and that an abnormal blink reflex recovery cycle reflects the development of orbicularis oculi muscle spasms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]],"date-time":"2017-04-17T04:02:45Z","timestamp":1492401765000},"page":"733-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Conte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Ferrazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Defazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sensory Organs \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed Pozzilli 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