{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T13:41:26Z","timestamp":1789220486625,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of functional movement disorders is 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men. Trauma and adverse life events are important risk factors for developing functional movement disorders. On a population level, rates of sexual abuse against women are higher when compared with the rates against men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine gender differences in rates of sexual abuse in functional movement disorders compared with other neurologic disorders and evaluate if the gender prevalence is influenced by higher rates of sexual abuse against women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a case\u2010control series including 199 patients with functional movement disorders (149 women) and 95 controls (60 women). We employed chi\u2010squared test to assess gender and sexual abuse associations and Bayes formula to condition on sexual abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our analysis showed an association between sexual abuse and functional movement disorders in women (odds ratio, 4.821; 95% confidence interval, 2.089\u201312.070;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), but not men. Bayesian analysis found the functional movement disorder prevalence ratio between women and men conditional on sexual abuse to be 4.87 times the unconditioned ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a statistically significant association between sexual abuse and functional movement disorders in women and a greater likelihood that women who are sexually abused will develop functional movement disorders than men who are sexually abused. Our findings suggest that the increased prevalence of functional movement disorders in women is associated, at least in part, with sexual abuse and its sequelae; however, further research is needed to explore the role of other traumatic and nontraumatic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T12:26:00Z","timestamp":1572351960000},"page":"177-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Gender as a Risk Factor for Functional Movement Disorders: The Role of Sexual Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Kletenik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Behavioral Neurology Section University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan H.","family":"Sillau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaz Attaripour","family":"Isfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"LaFaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Center University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801772-2.00004-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30051-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"BlackMC BasileKC BreidingMJ et al.National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. 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