{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:13:55Z","timestamp":1772118835588,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tics describe a wide range of sudden and repetitive behaviors. Their multifaceted clinical features may resemble other explosive behaviors, including repetitive episodes of aggression toward others (allo\u2010aggression) reported by subjects without tics. Here, we document 3 exemplary cases that help disentangle allo\u2010aggressive behaviors from tics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report 3 cases who presented with an array of complex repetitive behaviors, most notably allo\u2010aggression (eg, sudden kicking, hitting, slapping and biting others, or pushing someone off a bike), which were misdiagnosed as primary tics. In all cases, additional symptoms, such as blackouts, feeling of being controlled by different personalities, or being empowered by repetitive behaviors, and examination pointed toward different neuropsychiatric diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repetitive allo\u2010aggressive behaviors are not part of the range of motor manifestations of tics. This observation not only has important medico\u2010legal implications but is also relevant for the overall perception of Tourette syndrome and other primary tic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T10:58:30Z","timestamp":1620471510000},"page":"769-771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Aggression Toward Others Misdiagnosed as Primary Tics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lille","family":"Kurvits","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0597-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Mainka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Cavanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry BSMHFT and University of Birmingham  Birmingham United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University  Birmingham United Kingdom"},{"name":"University College London and Institute of Neurology  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre Charit\u00e9\u2010University Medicine Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008372"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"\u00c9tude sur une affection nerveuse caracteris\u00e9e par l'incordination motrice accompagn\u00e9e d'echolalie et coprolalie","volume":"9","author":"Tourette G","year":"1885","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0059-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.08.012"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.13236","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mdc3.13236","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.13236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:13:49Z","timestamp":1760951629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mdc3.13236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mdc3.13236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13236","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.740543997.793587511","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2330-1619","2330-1619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1619","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}