{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:38:10Z","timestamp":1769837890711,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CTx) is a central nervous system opportunistic infection with variable neurological manifestations. Although tropism of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> for the basal ganglia is well known, movement disorders (MDs) represent only a small percentage of CTx\u2010related neurological complications. CTx\u2010associated MDs are usually hyperkinetic, whereas parkinsonism associated with evidence of presynaptic dopaminergic deficit has never been described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report a human immunodeficiency virus\u2013positive patient who developed a complex MD featuring unilateral tremor combined with parkinsonism and dystonia following an acute episode of disseminated CTx. Her dopamine transporter scan (DaTscan) documented contralateral presynaptic dopaminergic deficit. Levodopa initiation improved both tremor and parkinsonism after ineffective trials of several other medications over the years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Literature Review<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 64 patients presenting with CTx\u2010related MDs have been described. The most common MD was chorea (44%), followed by ataxia (20%), parkinsonism (16%), tremor (14%), dystonia (14%), myoclonus (3%), and akathisia (2%). DaTscan was performed only in 1 case, of Holmes tremor, that demonstrated reduced presynaptic dopaminergic uptake. Positive response to dopaminergic treatment was reported in 3 cases of Holmes tremor and 2 cases of parkinsonism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presynaptic dopaminergic deficit may occur in CTx\u2010related tremor combined with parkinsonism. Its identification should prompt initiation of levodopa, thus avoiding unnecessary trials of other drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T09:10:57Z","timestamp":1670231457000},"page":"285-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism Following Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Malaquias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto  Porto 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