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Given the high stress levels of enacted stigma that ATS experience, it is expected that their tic symptoms are profoundly impacted. However, the evidence linking enacted stigma to ATS's tic symptoms remains limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a secondary data\u2010analysis approach to reanalyze the data from the follow\u2010up phase of a multi\u2010centered, randomized controlled trial in which a behavioral intervention was tested for its efficacy in managing tic symptoms. This study first conducted psychometric testing on a list of 16 enacted stigma events across five life stages and identified the underlying factor structure. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) was used to assess severity and impairment of current tic symptoms, whereas the Clinical Global Impression of Severity scale (CGI) was used to obtain the gestalt of clinical judgment on tic severity. A series of multivariate linear models were then fitted to test the relationships between different types of lifetime enacted stigma and current tic symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analytic sample included 73 young ATS (average age of 23.2 [standard deviation\u2009=\u20092.5] years). The factor analysis identified three types of enacted stigmas: \u201ctraumatic events,\u201d \u201cconfrontations,\u201d and \u201csubtle mistreatments.\u201d In multivariate models, traumatic events significantly associated with YGTSS\u2010severity, whereas subtle mistreatments provided additional explanations for CGI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enacted stigma may play important roles in shaping ATS's current tics symptom severity and, therefore, should be carefully considered in future intervention development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T02:38:45Z","timestamp":1697251125000},"page":"1759-1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Roles of Lifetime Enacted Stigma in Tic Symptoms among Young Adults with Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chengshi","family":"Shiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work and Taiwan Social Resilient Research Center National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Nursing University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei\u2010Ti","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boram","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Marquette University  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Stiede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flint M.","family":"Espil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Specht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Marquette University  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"TAoA.Connections that Make a Difference;2014. 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