{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:32:16Z","timestamp":1791484336408,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional tic\u2010like behaviors (FTLBs) can be difficult to distinguish from tics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the phenomenology of FTLBs in youth and assess the movements and vocalizations most suggestive of the diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the phenomenology of tics between youth (&lt;20\u2009yr) with FTLBs and with primary tics from our Registry in Calgary, Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and thirty\u2010six youths were included: 195 with primary tics (75% males; mean age: 10.8\u2009yr) and 41 with FTLBs (98% females; 16.1\u2009yr). In the bivariate models, FTLBs were most associated with copropraxia (OR\u2009=\u200915.5), saying words (OR\u2009=\u200914.5), coprolalia (OR\u2009=\u200913.1), popping (OR\u2009=\u200911.0), whistling (OR\u2009=\u20099.8), simple head movements (OR\u2009=\u20098.6), and self\u2010injurious behaviors (OR\u2009=\u20096.9). In the multivariable model, FTLBs were still associated with saying words (OR\u2009=\u200913.5) and simple head movements (OR\u2009=\u20096.3). Only 12.2% of youth with FTLBs had throat clearing tics (OR\u2009=\u20090.2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shall help physicians diagnose youth with FTLBs according to the presence\/association of specific movements and vocalizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T05:20:49Z","timestamp":1706160049000},"page":"398-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["What are the Key Phenomenological Clues to Diagnose Functional Tic\u2010Like Behaviors in the Pandemic Era?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christelle","family":"Nilles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Neurology Department H\u00f4pital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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