{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1791825674344,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR001456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR001456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS065701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS065701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS116025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS116025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS124764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS124764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior studies have indicated that female individuals outnumber male individuals for certain types of dystonia. Few studies have addressed factors impacting these sex differences or their potential biological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate factors underlying sex differences in the dystonias and explore potential mechanisms for these differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from individuals with various types of dystonia were analyzed in relation to sex. Data came from two different sources. One source was the Dystonia Coalition database, which contains predominantly idiopathic adult\u2010onset focal and segmental dystonias. The second source was the MDSGene database, which contains predominantly early\u2010onset monogenic dystonias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 3222 individuals from the Dystonia Coalition included 71% female participants and 29% male participants for an overall female\u2010to\u2010male ratio (F:M) of 2.4. This ratio varied according to body region affected and whether dystonia was task\u2010specific. The female predominance was age\u2010dependent. Sex did not have a significant impact on co\u2010existing tremor,\n                      <jats:italic>geste antagoniste<\/jats:italic>\n                      , depression or anxiety. In the 1377 individuals from the MDSGene database, female participants outnumbered male participants for some genes (\n                      <jats:italic>GNAL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GCH1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>ANO3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) but not for other genes (\n                      <jats:italic>THAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TH<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TOR1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results are in keeping with prior studies that have indicated female individuals outnumber male individuals for both adult\u2010onset idiopathic and early onset monogenic dystonias. These results extend prior observations by revealing that sex ratios depend on the type of dystonia, age, and underlying genetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:07:05Z","timestamp":1716422825000},"page":"973-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sex Differences in Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gamze","family":"Kilic\u2010Berkmen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Scorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA 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S.","family":"Perlmutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Radiology Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurogenetics, University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne S.","family":"Feuerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Colorado  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhimanyu","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Wagle\u2010Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Malaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"LeDoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Memphis  Memphis TN USA"},{"name":"Veracity Neuroscience LLC  Memphis TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Pirio\u2010Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico\/New Mexico VA Healthcare System  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pantelyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Moukheiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD 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