{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T04:47:54Z","timestamp":1771390074538,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2 R01 NS073717\u201006A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 R01 NS073717\u201006A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dexterous dysfunction is a bothersome patient\u2010reported symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Current clinical assessments do not directly evaluate goal\u2010directed hand function. This project sought to determine the capability of the electronic Manual Dexterity Test (MDT) to characterize dexterity across a range of PD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To objectively quantify manual dexterity in individuals with PD using a self\u2010administered manual dexterity test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and forty\u2010nine PD patients completed trials of the MDT with each upper extremity (UE) both while ON and OFF antiparkinsonian medication. Differences in MDT by medication state, more vs less affected UE, and Hoehn and Yahr (H&amp;Y) stage were evaluated using linear mixed models. The relationships of trial duration to MDS\u2010UPDRS II patient quality of life (QoL) questions for eating, dressing and hygiene were also evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MDT duration was significantly shorter ON medication (26.3\u2009seconds) compared to OFF medication (27.2\u2009seconds) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Similarly, MDT duration was significantly shorter for less (25.8\u2009seconds) compared to more (27.6\u2009seconds) affected limb (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Trial durations increased with H&amp;Y stage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for trend). MDT performance was related to MDS\u2010UPDRS II questions for eating, dressing, and hygiene performance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MDT provides an objective and quantitative assessment of dexterity. The time to complete the MDT was sensitive to changes in medication state, more and less affected UE, disease severity, and important activities of daily living. The MDT has potential for utilization in precise tracking of manual dexterity over the course of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T02:19:25Z","timestamp":1732760365000},"page":"333-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing Hand Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients with a Self\u2010Administered Electronic Manual Dexterity Test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Elizabeth","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anson B.","family":"Rosenfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cielita","family":"Lopez\u2010Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio 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