{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:57:14Z","timestamp":1785416234592,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders (SPSD) are classically defined by the presence of muscle stiffness, spasms and hyperactivity of the central nervous system. There is a notable correlation between neurophysiological features and the clinical hallmark of SPSD, which has greatly encouraged the use of these techniques for diagnostic purposes. Besides, electrophysiological techniques allow for a functional evaluation of the \u2018hyperactivity of the CNS\u2019, thus offering the opportunity to clarify the mechanisms underlying this disorder. This review delves into the current knowledge on the electrophysiological aspects of SPSD, highlighting the pivotal role of various studies in unravelling its pathophysiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature review for studies on SPSD that included a neurophysiological evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We first examined the abnormal neurophysiological findings of SPSD across the central nervous system, from the spinal circuit to the motor cortex. Subsequently, we discussed their pathological implications and explored how these findings can be interpreted within the framework of an immune\u2010mediated disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two primary questions remain unanswered: the localization of the primary abnormality within the central nervous system and the connection between the autoimmune basis of SPSD and its neurophysiological aspects. Addressing these questions could provide invaluable insights into SPSD etiology and targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1736314507000},"page":"409-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neurophysiological Insights into the Pathophysiology of Stiff\u2010Person Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Santo Ant\u00f3nio  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), ICBAS University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Balint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Z\u00fcrich University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailash 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