{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:43:53Z","timestamp":1780361033025,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coexistence of tics with Parkinson's disease (PD) is rare, as they often emerge at different ages, follow different trajectories and involve contrasting pathophysiological mechanisms related to dopamine availability and function in the brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present 10 individuals with primary tic disorders who later developed PD. Tic severity remained unchanged with the onset of parkinsonism or dopaminergic treatment. Peak\u2010dose dyskinesias in two cases did not affect tics, and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus transiently induced tics in one individual with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evidence drawn from this case series does not support a linear relation between nigrostriatal dopaminergic availability and tics. It suggests that tics may instead arise from a more complex interplay between multiple neurotransmitter systems acting on several networks within the cortico\u2010striatal\u2010thalamic circuits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:09:54Z","timestamp":1745989794000},"page":"1173-1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tics and Parkinson's Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Insights from a Rare Syndromic Association"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tarig","family":"Abkur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre University Health Network and the University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5427-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Boogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talyta","family":"Grippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene A.","family":"Malaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato P.","family":"Munhoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneil","family":"Kalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre University Health Network and the University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.02.1172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01920-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tics are caused by alterations in prefrontal areas, thalamus and putamen, while changes in the cingulate gyrus reflect secondary compensatory mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller\u2010Vahl K","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.769275"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.70111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:59:47Z","timestamp":1760968787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mdc3.70111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mdc3.70111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-1619","2330-1619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1619","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}