{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:05:03Z","timestamp":1791914703696,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005928","name":"Daiwa Securities Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The association between freezing of gait and motor function in Parkinson's disease is variable, and the results suggest the existence of subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to identify the subtypes of freezing of gait and motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Sixty\u2010one patients were included. This study assessed motor function using the freezing of gait questionnaire, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III. For statistical analyses, we conducted a cluster analysis using the freezing of gait and motor function. Analysis of covariance with age and L\u2010dopa dosing as a covariate was performed for each cluster (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Cluster 1 (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200915) had the lowest freezing of gait scores compared to the other clusters, and its motor function scores were lower than those of cluster 3 (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20099) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Cluster 2 (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200937) had moderate freezing of gait scores (vs. cluster 1,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05), and motor function showed lower scores than cluster 3 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05); however, the score was not significantly different from that of cluster 1 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05). Cluster 3 had moderate freezing of gait scores (vs. cluster 1,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05; vs. 2,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05) and higher motor function scores than the other clusters (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05); however, the freezing of gait score was not significantly different from that of cluster 2 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study revealed new subtypes that presents with freezing of gait but high motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:44:24Z","timestamp":1753865064000},"page":"90-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subtype of the Freezing of Gait and Motor Function in Patients with Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuya","family":"Sakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University Kawagoe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kichol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Kawaguchi Neurosurgery Rehabilitation Clinic Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyunya","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation PDit Studio Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation PDit Studio Tokyo 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