{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:08:58Z","timestamp":1789171738537,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Findings are contradictory regarding changes in the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) over time; data for other parkinsonian disorders are rare.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze temporal trends in the incidence and prevalence of eight parkinsonisms (PD, MSA, PSP, CBS, DLB, vascular parkinsonism, drug\u2010induced parkinsonism, and other secondary parkinsonism) from 2003 to 2023, assess their survival, and define sociodemographic factors associated with PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of primary and linked secondary care data in a population\u2010based UK observational study using multivariable regression models and Kaplan\u2013Meier survival methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age\u2010 and sex\u2010adjusted incidence and prevalence rates of rarer parkinsonisms increased substantially pre\u2010Covid\u201019, while adjusted PD rates declined then stabilized. From 2003 to 2010, the incidence of rarer parkinsonisms increased annually by 13.8% (95% CI 13.5, 14.0%), while PD incidence declined annually by 4.7% (4.5, 4.9%). From 2011 to 2019, the incidence of rarer parkinsonisms increased annually by 3.2% (2.9, 3.5%) while PD incidence changed by \u22120.3% (\u22120.5, 0.0%) annually. Prevalence fell for PD from 2003 to 2019 by 0.6% annually (0.6, 0.7%), but increased for other parkinsonisms by 7.1% (6.8, 7.3%) before slowing to 3.3% (3.1, 3.5%) annually. Of the degenerative parkinsonisms, 5\u2010year survival was best for PD at 64.2% (64.0, 64.4%) and worst for PSP at 30.5% (29.3, 31.8%). Adjusted PD incidence was 43% lower (16, 62%) in individuals of African\/Caribbean ethnicity, but similar for Asian and White ethnicities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing diagnosis of rarer parkinsonisms has contributed to changing temporal trends for PD. Ethnic variations for PD justify further exploration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T22:30:18Z","timestamp":1761172218000},"page":"933-948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Analysis of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Survival of 8 Types of Parkinsonism in a Population\u2010Based Study with 367 Million Person Years of Observation over 21\u2009Years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7297-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha E.","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanth A.","family":"Iruthayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romel","family":"Gravesande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathal","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Ben\u2010Shlomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald G.","family":"Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1332-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8756359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00284-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00851-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00280-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.084954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6804-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X241306132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000184520.21744.a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-008-0327-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.01.014"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"749","article-title":"A systematic review of the worldwide prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease","volume":"94","author":"Muangpaisan W","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00094-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.17028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00620-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"Parkinson's UK. The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's in the UK. Results from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Reference Report; 2017. Available from:https:\/\/www.parkinsons.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2018\u201001\/CS2960%20Incidence%20and%20prevalence%20report%20branding%20summary%20report%20Published%202017.pdf(accessed 6 June 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20081034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"NobleS McLennanD NobleM et al.The English Indices of Deprivation 2019; Available from:https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5d8b364ced915d03709e3cf2\/IoD2019_Research_Report.pdf(accessed 29 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics (ONS).Rural Urban Classification;2011. 2011. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/2011-rural-urban-classification(accessed 24 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7664-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IfHMaE).Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Results; Available from:http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool(accessed 3 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar09070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.162222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IfHMaE).Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Results;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0159-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2022.0353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30288-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000275491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.4.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6210-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11791-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.2.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000279518.10072.df"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.70368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mdc3.70368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.70368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:35:36Z","timestamp":1776062136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mdc3.70368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mdc3.70368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-1619","2330-1619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1619","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}