{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:47:09Z","timestamp":1782985629069,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional movement disorders (FMDs) manifest as involuntary motor symptoms incongruent with known neuroanatomy. Once attributed to psychological factors, FMDs are now recognized as neurobiological conditions involving disrupted brain networks. They account for 2\u201320% of movement disorder referrals globally. While multidisciplinary rehabilitation benefits 60\u201370% of patients, 30\u201340% remain treatment\u2010refractory, highlighting the need for biologically targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review synthesizes evidence on neuromodulation for FMDs, aiming to: (1) identify modifiable neural circuits, (2) evaluate clinical efficacy across phenotypes, (3) distinguish neurobiological from placebo\u2010mediated effects, and (4) identify biomarkers for precision medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a narrative review (PubMed, Embase, 2000\u20132025), assessing risk\u2010of\u2010bias using RoB\u20102 and MINORS tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FMD pathophysiology involves cortical hyperexcitability, limbic\u2010motor decoupling, and predictive coding deficits. TMS reveals reduced intracortical inhibition and shortened cortical silent periods in M1; fMRI shows altered emotional\u2010motor connectivity. rTMS demonstrates therapeutic potential, though placebo responses are prominent. Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC shows promise in functional dystonia, especially with comorbid anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FMDs reflect circuit\u2010level dysfunction, supporting neuromodulation as a rational intervention. High\u2010frequency rTMS over M1 and anodal tDCS over DLPFC yield modest clinical benefits, but placebo effects remain a confounder. Future progress requires addressing methodological gaps, validating biomarkers, and integrating neuromodulation within personalized, multidisciplinary frameworks that account for socioeconomic and psychosocial contexts to meaningfully reduce disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T07:26:32Z","timestamp":1762413992000},"page":"895-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing Neuromodulation for Functional Movement Disorders: A Contemporary Narrative Review of Evidence, Gaps, and Future Outlook"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Devangi","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Shree Krishna Hospital Pramukhswami Medical College Bhaikaka University  Anand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soaham","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shree Krishna Hospital Pramukhswami Medical College Bhaikaka University  Anand 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