{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:48:13Z","timestamp":1793033293513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equitable representation in clinical trials is essential to informing evidence\u2010based treatment and reducing health disparities. No evidence is available about racial, ethnic and sex representation in Tourette's Syndrome (TS) treatment trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate racial, ethnic and sex representation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TS medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      for TS RCTs conducted in the US. The primary outcome was participation\u2010to\u2010prevalence ratio (PPR), the proportion of trial participants in racial, ethnic and sex subgroups divided by the proportion of individuals in the corresponding subgroup in the US population. Data were pooled through random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis. Temporal trends were explored using meta\u2010regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 40 RCTs involving 1717 participants were included. All trials reported sex, but only 22 (55%) and 12 (30%) provided race and ethnicity data, respectively. Reporting of race and ethnicity improved over time (meta\u2010regression coefficient (b) 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62\u20132.98 per decade,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Asian (PPR 0.46, 95% CI 0.29\u20130.75,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), Black (PPR 0.44, 95% CI 0.34\u20130.57,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Hispanic (PPR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27\u20130.64,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and female (PPR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65\u20130.85,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) individuals were underrepresented. Only Hispanic enrollment improved over time (b 0.78, 95% CI 0.35\u20131.20 per decade,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are disparities in racial, ethnic and sex representation in RCTs of TS medications. Under\u2010enrollment of minority participants may reflect disparities in terms of actual diagnosis of the condition, recruitment of minority individuals for participation in research studies or both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:41:28Z","timestamp":1765791688000},"page":"996-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Racial, Ethnic and Sex Representation in Tourette's Syndrome Clinical Trials: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Behling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis C.","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9556-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeli","family":"Landeros\u2010Weisenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0352-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02665-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.Collection of race and ethnicity data in clinical trials; Accessed September 30 2023.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/collection-race-and-ethnicity-data-clinical-trials."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health.NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research;2017. 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