{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:08:51Z","timestamp":1778746131598,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014082","name":"Rhode Island Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug\u2010induced Parkinsonism (DIP) is a predictor of future idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the prodromal characteristics of DIP remain unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare prodromal peripheral immune cell profiles in DIP and PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied independent regression models to evaluate the peripheral immune cell profiles in individuals with incident DIP (n\u2009=\u2009108) and PD (n\u2009=\u20091055) relative to 20,070 healthy controls from the UK Biobank.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 9\u2009years before diagnosis, both DIP and PD cases exhibited elevated neutrophil counts, neutrophil\u2010to\u2010lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and systemic immune\u2010inflammation index (SII). Only PD cases showed reduced lymphocyte counts. After adjusting for psychiatric comorbidities, DIP\u2010associated peripheral immune alterations were no longer significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The elevated neutrophil counts in DIP and PD suggest a shared innate immune system involvement. However, in DIP, the peripheral immune changes appear driven by psychiatric comorbidities, whereas lymphopenia may represent a distinctive prodromal biomarker of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:02:46Z","timestamp":1766059366000},"page":"1288-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prodromal Peripheral Immune Cell Profile in Drug\u2010Induced Parkinsonism Relative to Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4959-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Lien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Kasibhatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Mawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenee","family":"Anekwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"The Movement Disorders Program, Butler Hospital  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6869-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saud","family":"Alhusaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"The Movement Disorders Program, Rhode Island Hospital Brown University Health  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2079-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02683-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"BushK RannikmaeK WilkinsonT SchnierC SudlowC.Who; Accessed September 20252018.https:\/\/biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk\/ukb\/ukb\/docs\/alg_outcome_pdp.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000545314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","author":"Posit team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01019-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315873"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.70476","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mdc3.70476","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mdc3.70476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:13:40Z","timestamp":1778742820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mdc3.70476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mdc3.70476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70476","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-1619","2330-1619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1619","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}